The Nuremberg Trial

Ex-diplomat Ribbentrop looks like a panhandler

You’d feel urge to slip him a dime if you met him – he has lost all pomp, polish
By Edward P. Morgan

NUERNBERG – If you encountered Joachim von Ribbentrop on the street today you might feel the urge to slip him a dime for a cup of coffee.

His brown business suit is respectable enough, but it might just as well be in rags, because the only thing you see as you watch him on the witness stand is a look of utter and abject hopelessness.

If anything, the once pompous and polished German foreign minister looks worse, now that his own case has begun, than he did when the proceedings at the Nuernberg war crimes trial opened, more than four months ago – and he was a broken man then.

Not cocky like Goering

In the first half hour that he was on the stand it became plain that there would be none of the fire, none of the cockiness in his story that Hermann Goering gave the court with such obvious delight last week.

“I do not propose to make a propaganda speech,” Von Ribbentrop said. Then he proceeded to make one. About the cruel injustices of Versailles. Of how he vowed to fight to overthrow the treaty. And how, when he first met Hitler in 1932, he became convinced that “this man only, if anybody could… could save Germany from … conditions which existed then.”

But there was a miserable whine of self-pity in his slow weak voice. With his glory gone and his hero gone, he was lost. He leaned heavily on the witness table for support and his eyes were downcast.

Strange defense

There is a strange duality to his defense – an attempt to show that he tried many times to turn Hitler away from war, and simultaneously to make himself out as just a loyal functionary executing without question the holy Fuehrer’s every whim.

The prosecution’s cross-examination, which the court may get to by Monday, should give Von Ribbentrop a singularly uncomfortable time on these points.

Only once has the craftsman of Nazi foreign policy brightened so far. When his former private secretary, Fraulein Margarete Blank, finished testifying for him she flashed him a warm smile. He smiled back.

Ah, Joachim, those were the days.

The Wilmington Morning Star (March 31, 1946)

Von Ribbentrop avers Germany was forced to declare war on U.S.

NUERNBERG (UP, March 30) – Joachim von Ribbentrop, claiming to have been an earnest worker for peace, told the War Crimes court today that Germany was reluctantly forced to declare war on the United States by Japan’s unexpected attack on Pearl Harbor.

The former Nazi foreign minister admitted that in 1941 he tried to persuade Japan to attack British possessions in the Far East or Soviet Siberia “but never the United States.”

“Hitler did not want war. I tried in diplomatic ways to keep the United States out of this war,” he said.

In an effort to clear himself of warmongering, Ribbentrop claimed he had worked hard to prevent war, had tried to keep it from spreading when it developed, and had repeatedly proposed overtures for a compromise peace.

The Pittsburgh Press (March 31, 1946)

Japs forced Nazis to fight America, Ribbentrop says

Ex-foreign minister admits Germans urged Tokyo to attack British in Far East

NUERNBERG (UP, March 30) – Germany was forced reluctantly to declare war on the United States by Japan’s unexpected attack on Pearl Harbor, Joachim von Ribbentrop declared today.

Testifying in his own defense, Ribbentrop told the War Crimes Tribunal that he was an earnest worker for peace.

The former Nazi foreign minister admitted that in 1941 he tried to persuade Japan to attack British possessions in the Far East or Soviet Siberia “but never the United States.”

‘Complete surprise’

“I first heard of the attack on Pearl Harbor from the radio and then from (Jap) Ambassador Oshima in berlin,” Ribbentrop testified. “I state on my honor that the attack came as a complete surprise for both Oshima and me.

“Hitler did not want war. I tried in diplomatic ways to keep the United States out of this war.”

Ribbentrop claimed he had worked hard to prevent war, had tried to keep it from spreading when it developed, and repeatedly had proposed overtures for a compromise peace.

Tells of worry

He said he heard of plans to invade Norway and Denmark only two days before it was carried out. Ribbentrop claimed he spent “many sleepless nights” worrying about whether Germany should invade Holland and Belgium to forestall a British invasion.

He told the court the three-power Axis pact had been signed as a means of forcing a compromise peace, and on four occasions after 1942 he unsuccessfully urged Hitler to make peace.

He conceded, however. that “ever since the formulation of unconditional surrender there was no longer any possibility of peace.”

Reviews rising tension

Reviewing the rising tension in German-American relations before 1941, Ribbentrop said Hitler worried more and more that the United States would enter the war. This worry, he said, was increased by the trade of 50 destroyers to Britain, the establishment of Lend-lease, and American occupation of Iceland and Greenland.

The invasion of Russia, Ribbentrop explained, was planned in 1939 and 1940 as a “preventive war” when Hitler became worried about the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, the Russo-Finnish war, and Communist propaganda in German factories.

The Nazi foreign minister said Hitler even had authorized him to invite Russia to become a member of the Axis. He declared he had lengthy – and fruitless – discussions on this subject with Soviet Foreign Commissar V. M. Molotov.

nuremberg.tribunal

Day 96

The Pittsburgh Press (April 1, 1946)

Ribbentrop tells why Red pact failed

Soviet demands too stiff, Allies hear

NUERNBERG (UP) – Joachim von Ribbentrop told the War Crimes Tribunal today that the Nazis tried for months before the war to wangle Russia into a full-fledged Axis pact but failed because the Soviet counter-demands were too stiff.

Von Ribbentrop testified that Russia wanted Finland, “points of support” in the Balkans and specifically in Bulgaria, and access to the Baltic, the Skagerrak and the Dardanelles as the price of a tripartite pact with the Nazis and Italy.

Negotiations collapse

After conferring with Mussolini, the witness said, Hitler turned down the Soviet demands and the negotiations looking to the three-power pact including Russia collapsed.

Von Ribbentrop said that by the inclusion of Russia, the Axis would have become “such a strong coalition that it would have forced England to seek peace.”

Sir David Maxwell Fyfe, British prosecutor, opened the cross-examination of Von Ribbentrop.

Von Ribbentrop fidgets

He cited the League of Nations declaration in 1927 holding war an international crime and the Kellogg-Briand pact renouncing war. He asked von Ribbentrop whether he was familiar with them.

Von Ribbentrop fidgeted, answered vaguely, and said he was not familiar with the details. Sir David observed that knowledge of such documents would seem essential “if you were going to advise Hitler concerning foreign policy.”

Ribbentrop claimed that Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg yielded to Nazi proposals because he was “deeply impressed by Hitler’s great personality” and said he knew of no pressure or ultimatums to Austria.

nuremberg.tribunal

Day 97

Wiener Kurier (April 2, 1946)

Kurt von Schuschniggs Konferenz mit Hitler vor dem Nürnberger Tribunal

Nürnberg (AND) - Die dramatische Auseinandersetzung Hitlers mit Bundeskanzler Schuschnigg im Februar 1938 in Berchtesgaden war der erste Punkt, auf den gestern der britische Anklagevertreter Sir David Maxwell Fyfe im Kreuzverhör mit Ribbentrop zu sprechen kam. „Erinnern Sie sich“, fragte er Ribbentrop, „daß Hitler zur Tür des Konferenzzimmers ging und nach Keitel rief?“

Ribbentrop, der genau wußte, daß der Ankläger mit dieser Frage auf Hitlers Drohung mit militärischer Gewalt anspielte, die Schuschnigg zu einem Nachgeben zwingen sollte, hatte die Kühnheit zu antworten: „Ich höre das heute zum erstenmal.“ Auf den Einwurf Fyfes: „Aber Sie wissen doch, daß es wahr ist?“, antwortete er nach kurzer Pause: „Nein, ich weiß es nicht.

Ribbentrop ihm auch diesmal zu der bewährten Taktik Zuflucht, sich auf Hitler, der nicht mehr zur Verantwortung gezogen werden kann, auszureden. Er erklärte, daß er bei der Unterredung von Berchtesgaden erst einige Tage Außenminister gewesen sei und daß deshalb das österreichische Problem von Hitlerpersönlich in die Hand genommen worden wäre. Er selbst habe allerdings „von Schuschnigg einen sehr günstigen persönlicher Eindruck gewonnen und keinen Druck auf ihn ausgeübt.“ Schuschnigg selbst, so versuchte Ribbentrop sich auszureden, habe doch betont, daß die Unterredung in „sehr freundschaftlicher Weise“ abgehalten worden sei.

‚Hitlers starke Persönlichkeit‘ zwang Schuschnigg

Nicht einmal der Hinweis auf die Stelle in Jodls berichtigtem Tagebuch, wo es heißt: „Die Wirkung ist rasch und stark, in Österreich hat man den Eindruck, daß Deutschland eine Reihe militärischer Maßnahmen vornimmt“, konnte Ribbentrop bewegen, die damalige deutsche Absicht zuzugeben, durch militärische Maßnahmen die Politik gegenüber Österreich durchzusetzen. Er erklärte, daß man Schuschnigg unter keinen Umständen gesagt habe er hätte drei Tage Zeit, Hitlers Forderung an anzunehmen, anderenfalls würden deutsche Truppen in Österreich einmarschieren. Ja, er konnte sich plötzlich nicht einmal daran erinnern, daß sich Schuschnigg bei der fraglichen Unterredung mit den Worten an Papen gewendet hatte: „Sie versprachen mir doch, daß man mich nicht auffordern würde, irgend reiche Dokumente zu unterzeichnen, wenn ich hierherkäme.“ Es sei eben Hitlers „starker Persönlichkeit“ zuzuschreiben gewesen, erklärte der Angeklagte, daß Schuschnigg schließlich mit des „Führers“ Ansichten übereingestimmt habe.

Im ‚Staatsinteresse‘ mußte Schuschnigg schweigen

„Warum haben Sie und Ihre Freunde Schuschnigg sieben Jahre im Gefängnis gehalten?“ fuhr Maxwell Fyfe im Kreuzverhör fort. „Ich kann darüber nichts sagen antwortete Ribbentrop. „Er muß irgend etwas gegen das Interesse des Staates getan haben. Ich hörte aber, daß er in einer sehr bequemen Villa festgehalten wurde und habe mich darüber gefreut, denn ich konnte ihn gut leiden.“

„Aber Sie können doch nicht bestreiten“, fiel ihm der Ankläger ins Wort, „daß man Schuschnigg durch sieben Jahre keine Gelegenheit gab, sich darüber zu äußern, was in Berchtesgaden oder beim Anschluß eigentlich geschehen war. Sie behaupten zwar, daß er es in Buchenwald oder Dachau sehr bequem hatte. Wie dem auch sei, eines wissen Sie ganz genau, daß er niemals seine Darstellung der Vorgänge Veröffentlichen dürfte.“

Ribbentrop antwortete darauf mit tonloser Stimme: „Mag sein, auch das dürfte im Interesse des Staates gelegen sein.“

Die Tschechoslowakei wird ‚ausradiert‘

Auch bei der Behandlung der Frage der Tschechoslowakei stellte sich Ribbentrop völlig ahnungslos. Auf die Frage, ob er wußte, daß Hitler „die Tschechoslowakei von der Landkarte ausradieren“ wollte, antwortete er: „Ich höre davon das erstemal bei dieser Verhandlung.“

Das Kreuzverhör wurde hierauf von Sir David unterbrochen, um Ribbentrop dem tschechoslowakischen General Ecer gegenüberzustellen, mit dem er im Verlaufe der Münchener Besprechungen zusammengetroffen war. General Ecer ist Mitglied der internationalen Kommission zur Untersuchung von Kriegsverbrechen und Führer der tschechoslowakischen Delegation beim Nürnberger Prozeß.

„Erinnern Sie sich“, fragte Maxwell Fyfe, auf Ecer weisend, „daß Sie dem General gesagt haben, der Entschluß, m die Tschechoslowakei einzufallen, widerspreche dem Abkommen zwischen Hitler und Chamberlain?“ Ribbentrop überlegte eine Weile und antwortete dann: „Ja, ich erinnere mich. Aber der Führer glaubte, daß dies im Interesse der Sicherheit des Deutschen Reiches notwendig wäre.“

Konzentrationslager – völlig unbekannt!

Während des gestrigen Verhandlungstages hielt Ribbentrop auch an seiner Behauptung fest, daß er stets sein möglichstes getan habe, um die Vereinigten Staaten vom Kriege fernzuhalten.

Wie plump Ribbentrops Methoden der Verteidigung sind, zeigte sich aber erst, als dar Anklagevertreter eine Karte vorwies, auf der alle deutschen Konzentrationslager eingezeichnet waren. Der ehemalige Außenminister erklärte, daß er niemals etwas von Mauthausen gehört habe. „Es ist erstaunlich“, sagte er, „aber nichtsdestoweniger unbedingt wahr, daß ich trotz meiner hohen amtlichen Stellung nichts von der Existenz dieser Lager gewußt habe.“ Diese Behauptung veranlaßte den Anklagevertreter zu der trockenen Bemerkung: „loh bin der Ansicht, daß es nicht nur unbedingt unwahr ist, was Sie sagen, sondern auch so unglaubhaft, daß es falsch sein muß.“

Ribbentrop blieb jedoch unbeugsam und entgegnete: „Nein, es ist alles wahr und ich bin überzeugt, daß die meisten auf der Anklagebank in einer ähnlichen Lage sind.“

The Evening Star (April 2, 1946)

Ribbentrop admits assailing Mussolini for mercy to Jews

NUERNBERG (AP) – Joachim von Ribbentrop angrily admitted before the International Military Tribunal today that he had upbraided Benito Mussolini because of Italian mercy to Jews in southern occupied France.

Earlier he testified that his German Foreign Office always sought to soften Nazi anti-Semitic measures in Europe.

Confronted with captured German records which depicted him in the role of a special anti-Semitic envoy to foreign governments, the former German foreign minister conceded that the documents were substantially correct.

“I knew of the Fuehrer’s plan to resettle European Jews in east territories, or later in Madagascar or North Africa,” Von Ribbentrop said.

“Because a large-scale espionage system was discovered among Jews in France who helped British and American intelligence, the Fuehrer asked me to get Mussolini’s assurance that the Jews would be stopped. The Italians had been working against certain measures taken against Jews by the French government under German influence. A lot of unpleasant matters had occurred.”

603 more Germans listed by war crimes group

LONDON (AP) – The United Nations War Crimes Commission said yesterday 603 Germans have been added to the list of war criminals and slated for arrest.

Yesterday’s roster, the 28th to be issued, boosted the total of listed war criminals to 13,582.

The Pittsburgh Press (April 2, 1946)

Anti-Jewish move admitted by Ribbentrop

Nazi foreign minister is cross-examined

NUERNBERG – Ex-Nazi Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop was forced to admit on the witness stand today that he had been party to Hitler’s plan to clear the Jews from Europe.

Furthermore, he was caught in a contradiction on the sore subject of concentration camps.

Under cross-examination at the war crimes trial by Assistant French Prosecutor Edgar Faure, Ribbentrop confirmed that the Foreign Office “did collaborate on the Jewish question in France.” Then he admitted that he had discussed the problem with Mussolini and Regent Adm. Nicholas Horthy of Hungary.

Obeyed faithfully

Ribbentrop said that sometimes Hitler’s language about the Jews had distressed and bewildered him, but, that nevertheless, he had faithfully followed Hitler’s orders.

At one point, when an account of a meeting between Ribbentrop and Horthy was being discussed, Britain’s Sir Geoffrey Lawrence, president of the tribunal, interrupted to ask the defendant directly: “Did you say to Horthy that the Jews ought to be taken to concentration camps?”

Ribbentrop frowned, paused and then replied, hesitatingly: “Yes, that is possible.”

Answers loudly

Faure then asked him how he could know about the concentration camps in Hungary and be ignorant of the existence of concentration camps in Germany, as he had testified yesterday.

“I did not know of concentration camps in Germany,” Ribbentrop replied in a loud voice.

Col. John Amen, assistant American prosecutor, got Ribbentrop to admit, with some qualification, that he had been Hitler’s “yes man.”

Missing top Nazi reported sighted

NUERNBERG (UP) – A former Munich police officer said in a sworn statement received here today that he saw Martin Bormann, long-missing Nazi deputy fuehrer, in Munich last October.

J. A. Friedl, 55, Nazi Party member in 1937-43 and top sergeant of police at Munich, said he saw Bormann with some other persons in a car in front of the Spanish consulate.

From what he saw and heard at the time, he gathered that Bormann might be trying to arrange to go to Spain, Friedl reported.

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Day 98

Wiener Kurier (April 3, 1946)

Ribbentrop in Nürnberg:
‚Ich war immer ganz anderer Ansicht als Hitler!‘

Nürnberg (DANA) - Oberst John Amen, der amerikanische Ankläger, nahm Ribbentrop im Verlaufe der Dienstagmorgensitzung ins Kreuzverhör.

„Wissen Sie, weis man unter einem ‚Yesman‘ versteht?“ fragte Oberst Amen den Zeugen

Ribbentrop antwortete: „Das ist ein Mann, der zu allen Dingen ‚Ja‘ sagt, auch wenn sie nicht seiner eigenen Überzeugung entsprechen.“

Amen: „Und Sie waren Hitlers ‚Yesman‘?“

Ribbentrop: „Ich sah in Hitler das Symbol Deutschlands und den einzigen Mann, der den Krieg gewinnen könnte. Ich habe seine Befehle treu befolgt, obwohl ich restlos anderer Ansicht war als er.“

Himmler und Ribbentrop schrieben einander Geburtstagsbriefe

Über seine Beziehung zu Himmler äußerte Ribbentrop, daß er in den ersten Jahren des Nationalsozialismus gut mit ihm gestanden habe. Später hätten sich die Beziehungen leider verschlechtert. Vom Jahre 1941 an habe nach außen hin allerdings eine herzliche Zusammenarbeit bestanden, und sie hätten einander auch immer Geburtstagsbriefe geschrieben, aber „innerlich“ sei das Verhältnis schlecht gewesen.

„Wie aus den Aufzeichnungen Himmlers hervorgeht, sind Sie doch während des Jahres 1941 noch über fünfzigmal mit ihm zusammengekommen“, fragte der amerikanische Ankläger, „und bei all diesen Zusammenkünften soll Himmler ihnen nie etwas über die Konzentrationslager erzählt haben, die sein Hauptarbeitsgebiet waren?“

Ribbentrop erwiderte hierauf, er könne seine Aussage nur wiederholen, daß er niemals etwas von Konzentrationslagern gewußt habe.

‚Deutschland hat keine Angriffskriege geführt‘

Nach Oberst Amen stellte der sowjetische Ankläger General Rudenko einige Fragen an Ribbentrop.

Rudenko: „Halten Sie den deutschen Einmarsch in Österreich für eine Aggression?“

Ribbentrop: „Nein, es war der Wille des österreichischen Volkes, der von uns vollzogen wurde.“

Rudenko: „Halten Sie den deutschen Einmarsch in die Tschechoslowakei für eine Aggression?“

Ribbentrop: „Nein. Der Führer hat mir gesagt, daß die geographische Lage Deutschlands ein Eingreifen erfordert. Die Tschechei sei eine Art Flugzeugmutterschiff gegen Deutschland.“

Rudenko: „Halten Sie den deutschen Angriff auf Polen für eine Aggression?“

Ribbentrop: „Nein. Unser Vorgehen war durch die Haftung der anderen Mächte unausweichbar geworden.“

Ribbentrop leugnete ebenso, daß der deutsche Überfall auf Dänemark, Norwegen, Holland, Belgien, Luxemburg, Griechenland und Jugoslawien eine Aggression dargestellt habe, da der Führer ihm sagte, diese Vorsichtsmaßregeln seien im Interesse Deutschlands notwendig.

Auf die Frage, ob er den Angriff auf die Sowjetunion für eine Aggression halte, antwortete Ribbentrop zögernd: „Im landläufigen Sinne war es keine. Der Führer sagte mir, die Ostwestzange, das heißt Rußland auf der einen, die westlichen Alliierten auf der anderen Seite, stellte eine große Gefahr dar und so habe er denn das Präventivunternehmen des Angriffs auf Rußland als notwendig erkannt.“

Anschließend erklärte Ribbentrop, Hitler habe die Lage schon zu Beginn des Krieges nicht mehr in der Hand gehabt, sondern sei von militärischen Notwendigkeiten gedrängt worden. Er habe nicht anders gekonnt, als so zu handeln, wie er gehandelt habe.

Hitler verlangte Abtransport von 50.000 Juden aus Vichy-Frankreich

Der französische Anklagevertreter Edgar Faure nahm sodann Ribbentrop ins Kreuzverhör. Ribbentrop betonte, er sei auch in Hitlers Politik gegen die Juden ein getreuer Gefolgsmann des Führers gewesen, behauptete aber, er habe stets versucht, Hitlers Maßnahmen abzuschwächen.

Auf die Frage Faures, ob der ehemalige deutsche Botschafter bei der Vichy-Regierung, Otto Abetz, mit dem Raub von Kunstschätzen, besonders aus dem Louvre, beauftragt worden sei, entgegnete Ribbentrop, dies sei nicht der Fall gewesen.

Der französische Ankläger legte einen Brief der deutschen Botschaft in Vichy an den Chef der SS und des SD in Frankreich vom 27. Juli 1942 vor, aus dem hervorgeht, daß Hitler den Abtransport von fünfzigtausend Juden aus dem unbesetzten Frankreich nach dem Osten verlangte. Ribbentrop behauptete, hier im Gerichtssaal zum erstenmal von diesem Unternehmen etwas gehört zu haben.

Auch von der Arbeitstagung der Judenreferenten und Arisierungsberater, die auf Anregung Ribbentrops am 3. und 4. April 1944 in Krummhübel stattfand, und bei der der ehemalige Gesandte Schleier die Schaffung eines jüdischen Abreißkalenders vorschlug, will Ribbentrop nichts gewußt haben.

Madagaskar, die Verbannungsinsel für Juden

Weiter führte Ribbentrop aus, daß der Plan, die Juden mach Madagaskar zu evakuieren, von Hitler stammte. Es sei überdies in Deutschland allgemein bekannt gewesen, daß die Juden in Reservationen angesiedelt werden sollten. Auch er habe davon gewußt und von Hitler den Auftrag erhalten, der italienischen Regierung nahezulegen, das gleiche zu tun.

Ribbentrop bestritt ebenfalls, Horthy geraten zu haben, die Juden totzuschlagen oder in Konzentrationslager zu stecken. Als der Vorsitzende, Lordrichter Lawrence, ihn hierauf fragte, ob er nicht bei Horthy die Verschickung der Juden in Konzentrationslager gefordert habe, gab Ribbentrop zu, dies im Aufträge Hitlers getan zu haben. Da in Budapest besonders viele Juden gewohnt hätten, habe Hitler gefordert, die Juden in einen Teil der Stadt zu konzentrieren.

Auf eine abschließende Frage Edgar Faures äußerte Ribbentrop, die zahlreichen Verhaftungen von französischen Zivilisten seien vorgenommen worden, weil man im Falle einer Invasion vor gefährlichen Elementen sicher sein wollte.

The Evening Star (April 3, 1946)

Keitel admits orders violated international law in some instances

NUERNBERG (AP) – Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel frankly testified today that many orders issued under his name “represented deviations from existing international law” and that it was his duty “to take responsibility for what I have done, even if it has been wrong.”

The former chief of the German high command, one of 22 leading Germans on trial as war criminals, told the International Military Tribunal: “I am grateful to have the opportunity here and before the German people to give an account of those things. For all officers subordinate to me, I assume responsibility insofar as it is based on moral and legal principles.”

From the time Col. Gen. Werner von Blomberg resigned as chief of the army in 1938, “there was only one commander in chief – Hitler himself,’’ Keitel testified. Von Blomberg died last month in the Nuernberg prison.

“Hitler issued orders to all three arms of the Wehrmacht directly,” the field marshal said. “There was no deputizing of power.”

He said his real title was “chief of staff of the Wehrmacht supreme command,” and added: “I was not a commander. I was neither able to issue orders nor act like a chief of the general staff. It was Hitler’s desire to have all the powers rest with him.”

Keitel carried a heavy folder of documents and wore his field marshal’s gray uniform with gold buttons.

The tribunal decided to start hearing Keitel’s case while Martin Horn, attorney for Joachim von Ribbentrop completed preparations to read into the record the former German foreign minister’s documentary evidence later in the day.

The Pittsburgh Press (April 3, 1946)

Keitel admits signing illegal war orders

Tells Allies he was only an ‘office boy’

NUERNBERG (UP) – Marshal Wilhelm Keitel told the War Crimes Tribunal today that while he was chief of the German High Command orders which violated international law often were submitted to him for signature.

Keitel testified in his own defense. A faded Wehrmacht uniform, barren of medals, flapped loosely around the thinning witness.

Keitel pictured himself as a sort of military office boy for Hitler. He said the Fuehrer “unambiguously” assumed all power of issuing army orders, and as chief of the High Command he himself “never was in position to issue orders.”

Many contradictions

The testimony developed into a hodge-podge of ideological contradictions in which Keitel professed responsibility for all the deeds done on orders bearing his signature yet claimed that he was little more than a rubber stamp for recording Hitler’s whims.

He said most of the orders to the army were given orally by Hitler at conferences of commanders, and his own part was to put them into writing and sign confirmation orders.

Orders given to him to be signed, Keitel said, “Many times presented deviations from the existing international law. But many of them did not rest on military basis, but the ideological point of view. I am thinking of those issued before the campaign against Russia.”

Says he wasn’t a Nazi

Keitel sat boldly upright before the microphone, his hands folded in his lap.

Although not a member of the Nazi Party, he said, because of his rank he accompanied Hitler to many party functions. Stiffly he said he did not take part in intraparty conferences “because the Fuehrer told me he did not wish my presence.”

He gave the German soldiers a clean bill and placed any blame on the shoulders of their superiors.

nuremberg.tribunal

Day 99

Österreichische Zeitung (April 4, 1946)

Vom Nürnberger Prozeß: Keitels Verteidigung

Nürnberg, 3. April - Heute wurde die Verteidigung Ribbentrops abgeschlossen und das Verteidigungsverfahren Keitels eröffnet.

Keitel wurden Verbrechen nach allen vier Punkten der dem Gerichtshof vorgelegten Anklageschrift zur Last gelegt.

Als Entlastungszeugen werden Halder, Warlimont du drei weitere Zeugen einvernommen werden.

The Pittsburgh Press (April 4, 1946)

Allies missed chance in 1939, Keitel claims

Says Reich was wide open to invasion

NUERNBERG (UP) – Germany was wide open to invasion from the west in the early months of the war in 1939, Marshal Wilhelm Keitel told the war crimes trial today.

Keitel rambled uncertainly through an account of Nazi war plans. He said that an Allied attack on the Western Front during the Polish campaign would have met no effective German resistance.

The former chief of the German High Command got tangled up in his own story-telling. At one point he made a liar of himself. He said the Nazis had only five divisions on the Western Front in the first month of the war. After a recess he boosted the figure to 20 divisions, merely explaining that he was “mixed up.”

Expected intervention

But he did not change his original assertion that if the French had attacked in the west while the Germans were overrunning Poland, “they would have met no German resistance.”

“The Allies might have ended the war before it was well begun with an invasion of Germany from the west during the Polish campaign,” Keitel testified.

“We soldiers always expected intervention by the western powers during the Polish campaign, and we were surprised that only slight skirmishes took place along the West Wall, which was protected by only five divisions,” he said. After the recess he changed his story.

Keitel said Adolf Hitler and his generals had a violent dispute over plans for the western campaign. Hitler wanted to attack in the winter of 1939 soon after he won the Polish campaign, the witness said.

Expected solution

“We (the generals) believed that if we did not attack, a peaceful solution might be reached,” he continued. “As soldiers, we were decidedly against waging a winter war. This difference of opinion led to a very serious crisis.”

Keitel said he resigned as a result of this argument. His resignation was rejected, he said, but “this break in mutual confidence never was healed.”

He said Hitler was “extremely disgusted” with Benito Mussolini’s invasion of Greece, “dragging the Balkans into the war.”

Keitel testified that he objected to attacking Russia.

nuremberg.tribunal

Day 100

The Evening Star (April 5, 1946)

Keitel says he tried but failed to help captured aviators

NUERNBERG (AP) – Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel told the International Military Tribunal today he tried in vain to have 50 British aviators returned to the prison camp from which they had escaped in 1944 but was shouted down by Adolf Hitler, who ordered Heinrich Himmler to take custody of them.

Testifying for the third day in his own defense, the former chief of the German high command solemnly swore that it was not until several days after this stormy session that he learned the fliers had been shot.

“I tried to retain those already recaptured and returned to camp,” he said. “In that I succeeded but that was all.”

Keitel said when he first learned of the mass escape he intended to delete the incident from his daily report to Hitler, but Himmler arrived at headquarters and told the whole story.

This brought “a serious clash between Hitler and myself,” Keitel said. “He raised the most incredible accusations against me. The Fuehrer was extremely excited and said these prisoners were to remain with the police.”

Keitel conceded that he sent instructions to Berlin in 1942 to study the idea of tattooing Soviet prisoners, but desisted after Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop reported “the whole thing was extremely tricky.”

Keitel said Gen. Henri Giraud, the French general who collaborated with the Allies in the invasion of North Africa, sent a secret envoy to France early in 1944 to ascertain whether the Germans would permit him to return to his family home, guarded by the Gestapo, from Algeria.

“The question was put to me, and Col. Gen. Alfred Jodl (chief of staff of the German Army) is my witness to it,” Keitel said. “My answer was that he would be given the same treatment as Gen. Maxime Weygand. But actually nothing happened.”

nuremberg.tribunal

Day 101