America at war! (1941–) – Part 3

americavotes1944

Democrats accent youth as their convention nears

Freshman Senator to run confab

Washington (UP) – (July 1)
The Democratic Party, in a move interpreted as a step toward matching the Republican accent on youth, tonight announced that freshman Senator Samuel D. Jackson (D-IN) will be permanent chairman of the party convention in Chicago this month.

Jackson’s selection was made by a newly created executive committee of the Democratic National Committee.

Jackson, who is 49, came to the Senate last January to fill the unexpired term of the late Senator Frederick Van Nuys. The full burden of operating the Democratic convention will fall on his shoulders and those of Temporary Chairman Robert Kerr, Governor of Oklahoma, the keynote speaker, who is 47.

Last chairmen veterans

Chairmen of the last three Democratic conventions have been Senators, but they have been veterans. The late Senator Thomas Walsh (D-MT) presided at the 1932 convention which first named Franklin D. Roosevelt as Democratic nominee for the Presidency; the late Senator Joseph T. Robinson (D-AR) presided at the 1936 party meeting, and Senator Alben W. Berkley (D-KY) presided four years ago.

Powers see invasion of Philippines in 1944

Retired Boro colonel says he found fighting ‘on impersonal basis’

President is ready to balk de Gaulle

Washington (UP) – (July 1)
President Roosevelt within a week is expected to tell Gen. Charles de Gaulle that he has no intention of recognizing a French government until one has been selected by a representative section of the population of France, it was learned today.

Barring a change in present plans, de Gaulle, who has been demanding that he and his French Committee of National Liberation be recognized as the provisional government of France, is expected to arrive here sometime between July 5 and July 9. It can be stated authoritatively that de Gaulle will find no change of policy awaiting him; that in turn Mr. Roosevelt will try to bring him around to the American point of view.

From the time, the issue of recognition for de Gaulle first arose, Mr. Roosevelt has clung consistently to the idea that much more of France should be liberated before a decision is reached on a French provisional government. And there is no prospect that this policy will change even with a visit from de Gaulle.

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Editorial: Our break with Finland

americavotes1944

Heffernan: Likes results of GOP convention

I should have preferred John W. Bricker as the Republican candidate. But although the splendid American who for three terms has served the state of Ohio has been named not for first but for second place, I find the Republican ticket satisfactory and the Republican cause eminently so.

Mr. Bricker about expressed my sentiment when he said the cause for which he had been fighting was bigger than his own or any man’s ambition. It is bigger than this columnist’s personal preference.

I like the result of the Republican gathering because I think the managers of the party intend that the platform shall not be as empty of real meaning as are such declarations generally. “The acceptance of the nominations made by this convention,” says the so-called pledge of faith, “carries with it as a matter of private honor and public faith an obligation by each candidate to be true to the principles and program herein set forth.”

What are those principles? What is the program? To win the war against all our enemies and establish a just and lasting peace, cooperating with sovereign nations to that end, employing force where necessary but believing that force alone will not be sufficient but that understanding and amity among the peoples must be cultivated. But, and here is the cardinal virtue of this platform:

We shall seek to achieve such aims through organized international cooperation and not by joining a world state.

We shall keep the American people informed concerning all agreements with foreign nations. In all of these undertakings, we favor the widest consultation of the gallant men and women in our Armed Forces who have a special right to speak with authority in behalf of the security and liberty for which they fight. We shall sustain the Constitution of the United States in the attainment of our international aims; and pursuant to the Constitution of the United States any treaty or agreement to attain such aims made on behalf of the United States with any other nation or any association of nations, shall be made only by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur.

That, and the declaration for constitutional government and against a presidential tenure of more than two terms, plus the pledge to reduce bureaucracy and abolish the policy of deficit spending, mark a realization of the evils which threaten the Republic if the New Deal again shall triumph at the polls.

Inconsiderate internationalism, which means expropriation and Marxism at home and the exploitation abroad of our treasure and our manhood at the dictation of a superstate, made an effort to burke this Republican convention as it did that of 1940. Mr. Willkie’s effort to raid the primaries and dictate the platform were the spearhead of that movement. It failed. The Republicans are to be thanked for giving a fair opportunity to those who believe Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln better defined and more splendidly exemplified democracy than Lenin, Hitler or Laski.

Having said which, I’ll bid my readers au revoir, for a spell.

Supreme HQ Allied Expeditionary Force (July 2, 1944)

Communiqué No. 54

The Allied bridgehead across the River ODON stands firm despite continuous enemy assault.

All day Saturday there was fierce fighting, particularly on the west of the deep salient. The enemy made repeated counterattacks in a vain effort to cut off our wedge at its base. During the afternoon, the enemy managed once to effect some penetration, but this temporary success was vigorously beaten back with heavy loss to the enemy of men and tanks.

Enemy units forming up for a major attack were broken up by a concentration of Allied artillery fire and the attack collapsed.

Attacks by smaller forces, supported by a few tanks, have continued to prove very costly to the enemy. At least forty enemy tanks were knocked out.

The official count of prisoners taken since the initial landing now exceeds 4,000.

From midnight until noon today, air operations were confined to patrols over the area occupied by our forces.

Völkischer Beobachter (July 3, 1944)

Schweres Vergeltungsfeuer auf London –
Feind bei Caen und Saint-Lô abgewiesen

dnb. Aus dem Führerhauptquartier, 2. Juli –
Das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht gibt bekannt:

Im Einbruchsraum südwestlich Caen nahm der Gegner seine Durchbruchsversuche nach stärkstem Artillerietrommelfeuer in den Mittagsstunden des gestrigen Tages wieder auf. Alle Angriffe scheiterten dort ebenso wie nordöstlich Saint-Lô. Schlachtfliegerverbände unterstützten auch gestern die Erdkämpfe mit gutem Erfolg.

In der Nacht griffen Kampffliegerverbände feindliche Schiffsansammlungen vor dem Landekopf an. Starke Explosionen wurden beobachtet.

Bei mehreren Säuberungsunternehmen im französischen Raum wurden 80 Terroristen liquidiert.

Schweres Vergeltungsfeuer liegt auf London.

In Italien lag der Schwerpunkt der feindlichen Angriffe im westlichen Küstenabschnitt und im Raum südöstlich Volterra. Unsere Truppen setzten sich hier unter dem starken feindlichen Druck auf den Cecina-Abschnitt ab. Auch südöstlich Volterra konnte der Feind nach Norden Boden gewinnen. Im Raum von Siena und westlich des Trasimenischen Sees schlugen unsere tapferen Divisionen alle feindlichen Angriffe unter schweren Verlusten für den Gegner zurück. Ein feindliches Bataillon und 29 Panzer wurden vernichtet.

An der mittleren Ostfront setzen unsere tapferen Divisionen den mit überlegenen Kräften angreifenden Sowjets weiterhin hartnäckigen Widerstand entgegen. Im Raum von Ssluzk konnten die Bolschewisten erst nach schweren Kämpfen Boden gewinnen. Der Ort wurde aufgegeben. Bei Ossipowitschi behaupten unsere Truppen ihre Stellungen gegenüber allen feindlichen Angriffen. Die Kampfgruppen aus dem Raum von Bobruisk haben sich zu unseren Hauptkräften durchgeschlagen. An der mittleren Beresina sind schwere Kämpfe mit den ununterbrochen angreifenden Sowjets im Gange. Im Raum westlich Polozk hält der feindliche Druck an. Südwestlich und südlich Polozk wurden starke feindliche Angriffe abgeschlagen oder in Riegelstellungen aufgefangen.

Schlachtflieger griffen laufend in die Erdkämpfe ein und fügten dem Feind hohe Verluste zu.

Im hohen Norden wurden im Kandalakscha-Abschnitt mehrere von starker Artillerie unterstützte Angriffe der Sowjets in harten Waldkämpfen unter hohen Verlusten für den Feind abgewiesen.

In der vergangenen Nacht warfen einzelne britische Störflugzeuge Bomben im rheinisch-westfälischen Raum.


US-Kreuzer torpediert

Eine direkten Torpedotreffer auf einen großen nordamerikanischen Kreuzer, der sich in den Marianen-gewässern befand, erzielten japanische Flieger am Morgen des 29. Juni. Der Kreuzer wurde schwer beschädigt.

Westeisenbahner

Von Erich Glodschey

Über einem Bahnhof der Normandie liegt nächtliches Dunkel. Das Auge erkennt unter dem bedeckten Himmel nur ungewisse Umrisse, aber das Ohr nimmt die Zeichen einer angespannten Tätigkeit auf den Gleisen und Rampen wahr. Metallisches Klirren der Laufketten schwerer Panzer und das tiefe Gebrumm ihrer anspringenden Motoren schallt herüber. Wir sind an einer Betriebsspitze der Eisenbahn. Zug um Zug der Panzer trifft ein, wird einladen und rollt frontwärts zum Kampf gegen die Invasoren. Erst kurz zuvor war die Eisenbahnstrecke, die in der Nähe Bombentreffer aufwies, geflickt und der halbzerstörte Bahnhof zur Entladung behelfsmäßig hergerichtet worden. Eine kleine Schar deutscher Eisenbahner hatte hier die Voraussetzungen geschaffen, um die Transportzüge um eine erhebliche Anzahl von Kilometern näher an den Kampfraum heranzuführen.

Was die blauen Eisenbahner im Westen zu leisten haben, ist schon seit Monaten eine Aufgabe geworden, die nicht weniger Einsatzbereitschaft und Entschlossenheit erfordert als die Taten der Eisenbahner im Ostfeldzug, deren Bedeutung für die Kriegführung nicht mehr hervorgehoben zu werden braucht. Bereits seit dem Frühjahr haben die Engländer und Nordamerikaner als Vorbereitungsfeuer der Invasion ihre schweren Luftangriffe ganz besonders gegen Verkehrsziele in den besetzten Westgebieten gerichtet. Sie haben viele französische Städte und Dörfer in rücksichtslosem Terror gegen ihre ursprünglichen Verbündeten mit Bomben niedergewalzt, und haben als Ziel angegeben, eine „Verkehrsblockade“ zu erreichen. Der Feind setzte in der Luft alles daran, um den Bau der Befestigungen des Atlantikwalls sowie der Anlagen für neue deutsche Waffen, und um schließlich im Augenblick der Landung auf französischem Boden den Nachschub des deutschen Heeres zu unterbinden. Die deutschen Eisenbahner im Westraum wussten aus diesen Vorgängen, welche ernsten Probleme von ihnen zu lösen waren.

Seit dem Waffenstillstand mit Frankreich bestand der Dienst der deutschen Eisenbahner im Westen darin, den Verkehr der französischen Eisenbahner zu überwachen, der Waffenstillstandsvertrag verpflichtete die französischen Staatseisenbahnen zu einer Durchführung des Bahnverkehrs entsprechend ihrer im Frieden bewiesenen Leistungsfähigkeit mit eigenem Personal und Material. Die deutschen Beamten der Hauptverkehrsdirektionen sorgten dafür, daß sich der Betrieb und Verkehr der französischen Eisenbahnen den vordringlichen Bedürfnissen der Besatzungsmacht planmäßig anpassten, nachdem die Schäden aus dem Westfeldzug beseitigt waren. Der gute Zustand des französischen Bahnnetzes und rollenden Materials sowie die anerkennenswerte Berufstreue der französischen Eisenbahner ermöglichten einen glatten Ablauf des Verkehrs sowohl für die Bedürfnisse der deutschen Kriegführung wie auch für die innerfranzösischen Wirtschaftsbelange. Als sich nach der englisch-amerikanischen Landung in Französisch-Nordafrika die militärische Notwendigkeit einer Sicherung auch des nichtbesetzten französischen Gebiets durch deutsche Truppen ergab, wurde dort durch deutsche Bahndienststellen an den wichtigsten Punkten die Zusammenarbeit im Verkehrswesen für den Schutz des südfranzösischen Küstenraumes verbürgt. Dies alles wurde durch eine verhältnismäßig nur kleine Schar von Beamten der Deutschen Reichsbahn ausgeführt.

Im Jahre 1944 veränderte sich die Lage durch die offenkundigen Vorbereitungen der Briten und Nordamerikaner für die Invasion in Frankreich. Diese Vorbereitungen waren von einer zunehmenden Lufttätigkeit begleitet, die sich im besonderen Maße gegen französische Bahnanlagen, wie beispielsweise Verschiebebahnhöfe, Lokomotivbahnhöfe, Brücken usw., richtete. Die Bekämpfung der Luftkriegsschäden erforderte größere Kräfte als bisher. Die Deutsche Reichsbahn konnte angesichts der Verkürzung der von ihr betriebenen Streckenlänge im Ostraum mehr Personal für den Westen freimachen. Diese deutschen Eisenbahner wurden eingesetzt, um im Zusammenwirken mit der französischen Bahnverwaltung den feindlichen Plan einer Verkehrsblockade Frankreichs zu überwinden. Die blauen Uniformen deutscher Eisenbahner in Frankreich wurden zahlreicher. Darunter befanden sich viele Männer, die aus dem Ostfeldzug gewohnt waren, kriegsmäßig zu fahren und auch größte Schwierigkeiten zu meistern. Was unter den Einwirkungen des feindlichen Luftkrieges zu vollbringen war, kam dabei nicht allein der deutschen Kriegführung zugute, sondern auch der französischen Wirtschaft und Ernährung, über deren Bedürfnisse sich die sogenannten „Befreier“ aus England und USA ohne jedes Bedenken hinwegsetzten.

Die Instandsetzung beschädigter Bahnanlagen wurde mit allen Mitteln betrieben, um die feindlichen Absichten, die auf eine Lahmlegung der deutschen Eingreifdivisionen im Falle der Invasion abzielten, auf jeden Fall zum Scheitern zu bringen. Die Erfahrungen deutscher Eisenbahner aus dem Osten kamen ihnen im Westen sehr zugute. Hunderte von englischen und nordamerikanischen Großbombern schütteten über kleinen Bahnknotenpunkten in Frankreich riesige Bombenlasten aus, die gereicht hätten, um ganze Großstädte in Schutt und Asche zu legen. In den Wochen vor der Invasion jubelte die Londoner und Neuyorker Presse über diese Zerstörungen und vertrat die Ansicht, mit solchen Flächenbombardierungen könnten die deutschen Eisenbahner niemals fertig werden. Zu den Bombenangriffen kam der Bordwaffenbeschoss unzähliger Züge, der wiederum vornehmlich seine Opfer unter französischen Eisenbahnern und Zivilisten fand. Trotzdem wurde die Versorgung der deutschen Armeen im Westen ebenso sichergestellt wie die Transporte zu den Befestigungen der Küste.

Was dies bedeutet, haben wir auf manchem Trichterfeld erkannt, das mit seinen tiefeingewühlten Bombenkratern mehr einer Mondlandschaft glich als einer Bahnanlage. Doch quer über Trichter und durch Trümmer spannte sich wieder das stählerne Band der Schienen und der Verkehr rollte, zwar kriegsmäßig vereinfacht, aber dennoch in der gewünschten Wirksamkeit. Immer wieder und wieder hat der Feind an solchen Punkten angegriffen, mit schweren und mittleren Bombern, mit Jagdbombern, mit Tiefangriffen der Jäger. Oft sind neugebaute Strecken wieder zerbombt worden. Aber bald darauf waren durch die Wiederherstellungsarbeiten deutscher und französischer Eisenbahner und anderer Kräfte doch wieder fahrbare Schienenwege geschaffen. Es galt, den Wettlauf zwischen Zerstörung und Instandsetzung zu gewinnen, um für den Zeitpunkt der feindlichen Aggression in Westeuropa bereit zu sein. Während die feindliche Presse viel über diese Fragen zu erzählen wusste, schwieg man auf deutscher Seite, um desto energischer zu handeln. Die Eisenbahner der deutschen Überwachung der französischen Bahnen mußten sich selbst an Zähigkeit und Wendigkeit übertreffen, wenn der gewaltige feindliche Materialeinsatz ständig neue Probleme zu schaffen versuchte. Die Hauptsache war und blieb, die Bereitschaft für den Invasionsbeginn auf ein möglichst hohes Maß zu bringen, und dies ist durchgeführt worden. Wenn die feindliche Landung in der Normandie auf weit größere Hemmnisse ihrer Entwicklung gestoßen ist, als in London und Washington erwartet wurde, dann haben an dieser Kampfleistung der Soldaten auch die deutschen Eisenbahner als ihre Kameraden einen hohen Anteil, weil sie im Vorbereitungsfeuer der Invasion dafür gesorgt haben, daß Truppen und Material in die befohlenen Räume befördert werden konnten.

Mit dem Beginn der ersten feindlichen Landung auf französischem Boden ist die Verantwortung, die auf den deutschen Eisenbahnern im Westen lastet, noch größer geworden. Selbstverständlich setzt der Feind nun erst recht alles daran, um das französische Verkehrsnetz in Unordnung zu bringen. Mit den Bomben und Bordwaffen seiner Flieger und durch den Einsatz seiner Sabotagetrupps geht der Feind gegen die Bahnanlagen und gegen den gesamten Schienenverkehr vor. Der Feind bekämpft die Instandsetzungsarbeiten, er bekämpft den rollenden Nachschub. Vor unseren Eisenbahnern steht die Notwendigkeit, die entscheidenden Bahnverbindungen im Betrieb zu halten und die Betriebsspitzen möglichst weit frontwärts vorzuschieben. Was die blauen Eisenbahner zu tun haben, hängt eng zusammen mit den Aufgaben, die in unmittelbarer Frontnähe von den feldgrauen Eisenbahnerformationen zu lösen Sind.

Wie an der Front ein erbittertes Ringen der Waffen im Gange ist, so wird hinter der Front ein harter Kampf um den Verkehr geführt, über Einzelheiten kann man jetzt nicht sprechen, doch weiß der deutsche Soldat aus allen bisherigen Feldzügen, daß er mit der höchsten Einsatzbereitschaft seiner Kameraden im blauen Rock des Eisenbahners rechnen kann. Mögen sich auch mitunter Hindernisse auftürmen, die in einem „normalen“ Eisenbahnverkehr kaum überwindbarerscheinen, so wird trotz allem gefahren! Das haben wir auf langen Fahrten in Frankreich, an Betriebsspitzen und auf zerbombten Bahnanlagen, unter dem Dröhnen schwerer Bomber und dem bösartigen Surren der Tiefflieger erlebt wie zuvor im Ostraum und in den Luftterrorgebieten der Heimat.

Innsbrucker Nachrichten (July 3, 1944)

Weiter erbitterte Abwehrschlacht in Italien

In der Normandie nur wenige feindliche Vorstöße – Schwere Kämpfe im Mittelabschnitt der Ostfront

Aus dem Führerhauptquartier, 3. Juli –
Das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht gibt bekannt:

In der Normandie führte der Feind gestern infolge seiner an den Vortagen erlittenen hohen Verluste nur wenige Vorstöße in Bataillonsstärke. Bei der erfolgreichen Abwehr wurden dem Gegner besonders hohe Verluste beigebracht.

In Südfrankreich wurden mehrere Terroristengruppen zum Kampf gestellt und niedergemacht.

Schweres Vergeltungsfeuer liegt auf London.

In Italien tobte die erbitterte Abwehrschlacht auch gestern mit besonderer Heftigkeit zwischen der Küste und dem Trasimenischen See. Der Feind griff während des ganzen Tages unsere tapfer kämpfenden Divisionen an, die nach erbittertem Ringen wenige Kilometer nach Norden auswichen. Da die Kampfhandlungen sich auf den Raum dicht südlich Siena ausdehnten und somit die Gefahr bestand, daß wertvollste Kulturdenkmäler der althistorischen Stadt vernichtet würden, wurden unsere Truppen freiwillig und ohne Feinddruck in den Raum nördlich Siena zurückgenommen.

An der adriatischen Küste trat der Gegner mit starken Kräften zum Angriff an und konnte unsere vorgeschobenen Sicherungen auf die Hauptkampflinie zurückdrücken.

Im Mittelabschnitt der Ostfront wurden westlich Ssluzk starke Angriffe der Bolschewisten in harten Kämpfen abgewiesen. Im Raum von Ossipowitschi und an der mittleren Beresina setzten sich unsere Divisionen in erbitterten Kämpfen mit dem nachdrängenden Feind in den Raum um Minsk ab. Südwestlich Polozk scheiterten von Panzern und Schlachtfliegern unterstützte Angriffe der Sowjets bei Glubokoje. Um die Stadt Polozk wird erbittert gekämpft.

In den schweren Abwehrkämpfen fanden die Kommandierenden Generale, General der Artillerie Martinek und General der Artillerie Pfeiffer sowie Generalleutnant Schuenemann, an der Spitze ihrer Korps kämpfend, getreu ihrem Fahneneid den Heldentod.

Schlachtfliegerverbände griffen mit guter Wirkung in die Erdkämpfe ein und vernichteten zahlreiche feindliche Panzer, Geschütze und 260 Fahrzeuge. Schwere Kampfflugzeuge führten in der vergangenen Nacht einen zusammengefassten Angriff gegen Ssluzk.

Ein starker nordamerikanischer Bomberverband richtete gestern einen Terrorangriff gegen Budapest. Es entstanden Schäden in Wohngebieten und Personenverluste. Deutsche und ungarische Luftverteidigungskräfte vernichteten 45 feindliche Flugzeuge, darunter 34 viermotorige Bomber.

Supreme HQ Allied Expeditionary Force (July 3, 1944)

Communiqué No. 55

During yesterday morning, our ODON River bridgehead was further strengthened. The enemy’s activity was on a reduced scale owing probably to the severe mauling he received on Saturday. There were some enemy attacks but they were firmly repulsed.

There is nothing to report from the remainder of the front.

Bad weather continued to restrict air activity yesterday, but fighter-bombers attacked bridges over the River ORNE and fighters attacked vehicles on the roads behind the enemy lines.

Twenty-one enemy aircraft were shot down. Three of ours are missing.

One enemy aircraft was shot down over NORMANDY last night.


Communiqué No. 56

During Sunday afternoon, there were only local clashes in the CAEN area. Our patrols penetrated deep into the enemy positions in some parts of the ÉVRECY sector. Contact was maintained along the whole front.

Today, Allied forces gained some ground to the south in the COTENTIN Peninsula.

Air activity from midnight until noon today was again reduced by bad weather.

Our fighters destroyed eight enemy aircraft for the loss of two during the forenoon over the battle area.

The Free Lance-Star (July 3, 1944)

AMERICANS LAUNCH ATTACK SOUTHWARD FROM CHERBOURG
Heavy artillery barrage starts drive at dawn

Nazis repulsed in fighting at Caen

SHAEF, England (AP) –
American G.I.s turning from the mop-up of Cherbourg burst southward on the peninsula in a dawn attack today after a heavy artillery barrage, fighting on mud-bogged French battlefields reminiscent of World War I.

The assault jumped off near the west coast of the peninsula, from the line flung across it just two weeks ago that sealed off the upper half of the land neck.

A front dispatch said the drive pushed from the area below Barneville-sur-Mer on the coast east of Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte. The doughboy line dips below and between those towns to Saint-Lô-d’Ourville.

The assault opened after local advances which Supreme Headquarters said had won favorable “jump-off” positions.

U.S. infantrymen were supported by heavy artillery including some of the most powerful guns used in the French campaign, but rain and cloudy skies hampered Allied aerial aid.

The new offensive came after Lt. Gen. Omar N. Bradley, commanding the U.S. 1st Army in Normandy, hailed the Cherbourg victory as “an indication to the enemy as to what he can expect from now on to the end.”

SHAEF, England (AP) –
Troops of the U.S. 1st Army have advanced in widely-separated local attacks and seized favorable “jump-off positions south of Saint-Lô-d’Ourville and west of Caumont, while British artillery has smashed a 25th German counterthrust at the Odon River bridgehead in the bitterly-fought Caen sector.

The activity of Gen. Omar N. Bradley’s forces in the southern part of the Cherbourg Peninsula was the first since the drive on the port of Cherbourg was launched two weeks ago.

German salient thrusting into U.S. lines near Saint-Lô-d’Ourville were wiped out, and the Americans advanced short distances toward La Haye-du-Puits, rail and highway junction, seizing high ground which was described by Supreme Headquarters as probably “good jump-off spots” for an eventual attack toward the south.

West of Caumont, Bradley lashed out with similar local attacks with the same object in mind. This sector is roughly 17 air miles southwest of the British Odon River bridgehead.

Prepare new attack

Activity dwindled in the Caen sector, where Field Marshal Gen. Erwin Rommel appeared to be regrouping his seven panzer and four infantry divisions which had taken a terrific mauling in three days of furious but futile attacks against the British. Indications were that Rommel was readying an all-out counterattack against the British. “We are ready,” said one British officer.

Clouds so dense that the airmen called them “ten-tenths” cloaked the entire bridgehead in Normandy. The weather was getting to be known as the worst for June and July in the past 40 years. Allied air forces were able to fly only about 400 sorties over the battle area yesterday, but they managed to shoot down 22 enemy aircraft against a loss of three of their own, Communiqué No. 55 disclosed.

Take more prisoners

In the Cherbourg area, U.S. 1st Army units were in the process of reorganization for “offensive action” after the mopping up of the last German resistance in Cap de la Hague over the weekend. Between 2,000 and 3,000 more prisoners were taken in the process. An Associated Press dispatch from Cherbourg said the American bag of prisoners had reached 40,000, which would indicate the total since D-Day had reached more than 55,000.

Gen. Sir Bernard L. Montgomery’s superiority in artillery in the crew fighting smashed every attempt of the Germans to infiltrate into the Odon River bridgehead. The Nazis made 25 attacks in 72 hours, the latest shortly before dawn yesterday. A barrage from British heavy guns broke it up before it even reached infantry positions.

British patrols expanding the Caen salient found Brettevillette, two miles south of Tessel-Bretteville, unoccupied by the Germans, although heavily mined and boobytrapped.

Continual heavy rain greatly handicapped the Allies. Clouds hung tree-high over many acres of the battlefront.

Last night, the London radio in a broadcast recorded by CBS declared “gigantic Allied landing operations” took place Sunday on the coast behind the British forces while armored vehicles, tanks, troops and ammunition also landed on the southeastern side of the Cherbourg Peninsula.

Enemy confused

Associated Press correspondent Roger Greene reported from the field last night that the enemy was “lying silent and apparently bewildered as to what to do next against the explosive violence of Montgomery’s strongbox defenses.”

The job of making the Cherbourg Harbor ready to receive great quantities of supplies and thousands of men went forward rapidly. German demolitions were termed “a clever job,” but no worse than expected.

One officer said Rommel’s attempt to erase the British salient at Caen was a major action which had cost the enemy “elaborate losses and a terrific mauling.”

A senior British staff officer said the situation on the whole Normandy front was “extremely satisfactory.” He remarked that German tactics thus far “are unlikely to serve as a textbook for repelling invasions.” Rommel’s tactical reserves had failed to hold the British and he had been forced to bring up strategic reserves from the rear – which he likewise wasted away in costly but fruitless attacks on the British.

Germans combat French patriots

Troops sent to smash strong underground resistance

London, England (AP) –
German troops were reported today to be pressing a large-scale drive in southwestern France in an effort to smash underground resistance, described by one French collaborationist source as “a real civil war directed from abroad.”

At the same time, advices from Stockholm indicated the Germans were making desperate efforts to placate striking Danish patriots who had barricaded themselves to the streets of Copenhagen and threatened to fight to the death in protest against repressive measures.

A new and disturbing situation, meanwhile, was rising to plague the Germans at home where – according to dispatches from Madrid – some 50,000 foreign prisoners have escaped since the Allied invasion of France and are causing deep concern by their activities.

Reports from the Spanish-French frontier, relayed here by way of Madrid, said the Germans had thrown tanks and bombers as well as infantry into their drive against French patriots in the Dordogne region of southwestern France.

After two days of fighting, the Nazis were said to have recaptured Bergerac and advanced to Saint-Cyprien, where they freed 150 collaborationists who have been held as prisoners in that town. The retreating Maquis were reported to have transferred their activities 50 miles south of Bergerac, taking over the rail junction at Armande and cutting the important Cahors–Bordeaux railroad line.

An article in the Bordeaux newspaper, Petite Gironde, said authorities in southwestern France were faced with real civil war.

In Denmark, Stockholm dispatches said, the Germans last night broadcast an appeal to striking Danish patriots to return to work today.

The Germans announced that gas, water and electric services cut off in Copenhagen since the start of the strike were expected to resume today, but announced no relaxation in the 10:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. curfew which has been a sore point with the Danes.

Madrid advices, quoting travelers arriving there from Germany, estimated 30,000 of the 50,000 escaped war prisoners reported at large in the Reich were Russians – many of whom had been forced into German military units and who are well-armed. They were reported moving in small groups trying to work their way out of Germany.

Allies capture historical city

Ancient metropolis of central Italy hails liberation

Ridge positions taken on Saipan

Big battle imminent as Americans push advance

USPACFLT HQ, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (AP) –
Grim Americans held strategic new ridge positions today above the town of Garapan and nearby Tanapag Harbor, on the northwestern coastal stretch of Saipan which may center a now-imminent showdown battle.

Gains of from 500 yards to a mile were made along the entire front Saturday, Adm. Chester W. Nimitz announced, bringing about 60 percent of Saipan under U.S. control. Garapan was surrounded on three sides. U.S. units on the east coast were five and a half miles from the island’s northern tip, where the Japanese have an airdrome at Marpi Point.

Earlier, Nimitz reported the burial of 6,015 Japanese dead, the capture of more than 200 prisoners, destruction or capture of 80 tanks, from June 14 through June 29.

Howard Handleman, representing the combined Allied press, said the Americans expected to meet large Japanese forces soon in a decisive battle somewhere near northern Garapan and Tanapag Harbor, which begins its upward swing a short distance beyond the town.

Saturday’s attack was made under aerial, naval and artillery bombardment. It was proceeded by a pre-dawn Japanese aerial thrust at transports and screening vessels, which was repulsed with “no damage.” Two of several Nipponese planes were shot down during this tenth Japanese aerial counterattack in the Saipan campaign.

Yanks storming heights east of Garapan added a third side to encirclement of that former capital; surrounded previously by land forces on the south and naval units on the west.

Asks step-up in war production

Army says quotas for war material are falling behind


Rites Wednesday for Norman Davis

Worden: Saipan battle like movie when seen from hilltop

By William L. Worden

Mount Tapochau, Saipan, Mariana Islands (AP via Navy radio) – (July 1, delayed)
From this mountain, the battle for Saipan, grinding into its third week, is like watching war on a vast movie screen.

Tanks lead painfully slow infantry assaults on the few remaining pockets of resistance south of the east-west line at Garapan’s southern edge.

Looking down today, it is possible to see on the island’s eastern shore the whole battle in miniature, with points of the American attack pushing northward through groves, across fields and around the shoulders of craggy hills.

Below the mountain top, Marines and soldier bivouac in a shelter of ruined barns and set up command posts behind rocks. They move solely across open spaces behind such concentrations of artillery fire as already have driven the Japanese from defense positions in more than half the island.

To look down on the battle is an awesome and at the same time a disappointing experience. You can see Americans everywhere below. You see some of them fall and not get up. You see bursts of shells and watch them tear down houses and barns. You see spurts from flamethrowers run along the ground searching trees and enemy soldiers. You see wounded coming back in laboring ambulances.

Behind you in the hills, artillery rattles and slams and shells whisper overhead.

Now and then, you can see civilians riding in trucks or walking.

But two things are missing to make the scene complete. The first is the odor of death. This makes it all the more like viewing motion pictures of war.

The second missing factor is live Japs. Enemy guns now and then answer our artillery. One knocks out a jeep on the road just below us with a single salvo. Another works up and down the highway hunting but not finding the huge vehicle park we can clearly see.

Others work in the woods against flamethrowers. Machine guns answer tanks, grenades meet foot soldiers but no Jap shows his head. In all-day watching by a half a dozen correspondents only two reporters saw any Japs at all those were running from an American charge up a hill.

With glasses, it is possible now and then to see a Japanese vehicle far to the rear.

Our casualties are high and the movement forward and below is bitterly slow. But from the mountain top, it seems to be war on a movie screen.

Flag from Capitol to fly over Rome July 4

Rome, Italy (AP) –
The flag that flew over the U.S. Capitol in Washington on Dec. 8, 1941, when war was declared against Japan, and on Dec. 11 of the same year, when war was declared against Germany, will be raised in Rome on July 4, it was announced today.

Editorial: Fourth of July

One of the steadfast things in this sadly disrupted world is America’s adherence to freedom. That spirit activated the first people who braved the unknown to carve homes out of the wilderness on the Atlantic Coast. On these shores, love of liberty waxed stronger until it resulted in political independence as well as religious and economic freedom.

Through the many generations since that day, Americans have guarded their independence well. It is for the safeguarding of independence and its extension in a world overrun with totalitarian activities for man’s subjugation that Americans are fighting.

At every recurrence of the Fourth of July, the thought arises that when this country declared its independence it not only did something to the science of government among nations, but it wrought so effectively as to affect the individual to an extent that was world-stirring.

The idea inculcated in national independence was quite simple – that a people could be self-governing by keeping the executive, legislative and judicial arms of government in balance.

Freedom for the individual, which accompanied the establishment of independence in government, was decidedly intricate in its working. It obligated the individual to differentiate between license and liberty. It taught him that he had not right to resort of violence in deciding issues. But it did assure the individual that what he won by his brain, his energy – or through shrewdness – he had a right to turn into property in the possession of which he would be protected.

This was a subtle process when applied to the individual mind. It led to invention of the cotton gin, the steamboat, the telegraph, the reaper, the telephone, the electric light, the automobile, the airplane and to development of the major food, fuel and fiber sources of supply on earth.

Today, the United States is the most powerful nation on the globe. Independence did that. It is the richest nation in history. Liberty did that.

Editorial: Home front desertions

The Pittsburgh Press (July 3, 1944)

Ernie Pyle V Norman

Roving Reporter

By Ernie Pyle

In Normandy, France – (by wireless)
This ack-ack crew of mine is having is first taste of war. And after three weeks or so of it they feel that they are the best gun crew in the best battery of the best ack-ack battalion on the beachhead.

It would be close to impossible for a German bomber to pick out their position at night, yet this crew feels that the Germans have singled them out because they’re so good. As far as I can learn, practically all the other gun crews feel the same way. That’s what is known in military terms as good morale.

My crew consists of 13 men. Some of them operate the dials on the gun, others load and fire it, others lug the big shells from a storage pit a few feet away.

These big 90mm guns usually operate in batteries, and a battery consists of four guns and the family of technicians necessary to operate the many scientific devices that control the guns.

The four guns of this particular battery are dug into the ground in a small open field, about 50 yards apart. The gunners sleep in pup tents or under halftracks hidden under trees and camouflage nets.

The boys work all night and sleep in the daytime. They haven’t dug foxholes, for the only danger is at night and they are up firing all night.

The guns require a great deal of daytime work to keep them in shape, so half of the boys sleep in the forenoon and half in the afternoon while the other half work.

Their life is rugged, but they don’t see the seamiest side of the war. They stay quite a while in one place, which makes for comfort, and they are beyond enemy artillery range. Their only danger is from bombing or strafing, and that is not too great. They are so new at war that they still try to keep themselves clean. They shave and wash their clothes regularly.

Their service section has not come over yet from England, so they have to cook their own meals. They’re pretty sick of this and will be glad when the service boys and field kitchens catch up with them. they eat ten-in-one rations, heating them over a fire of wooden sticks sunk into a shallow hole in the ground.

The sergeant who is commander of my gun crew is a farm boy from Iowa, and none of the crew are past their middle 20s. only two of the 13 are married. They have been overseas more than six months, and like everybody else they are terribly anxious to go home. They like to think in terms of anniversaries, and much of their conversation is given to remembering what they were doing a year ago today when they were in camp back in America. They all hope they won’t have to go to the Pacific when the European war is over.

My crew are a swell bunch of boys. They all work hard and they work well together. There are no goldbrickers in the crew. As in any group of a dozen men, some are talkative and some are quiet. There are no smart-alecks among them.

Only one man in the crew speaks French. That one has already made friends with the farmers nearby, and they get such stuff as eggs and butter occasionally. They have been promised some chicken, but it hasn’t showed up yet.

Although the noise and concussions of their gun are terrific, they have got used to it and none of them wears cotton in his ears. They say the two best morale-boosters are The Stars and Stripes and letters from home.

My boys are very proud of their first night on the soil of France. They began firing immediately from a field not far from the beach. The snipers were still thick in the surrounding hedges, and bullets were singing around them all night. The boys like to tell over and over how the infantry all around them were crouching and crawling along while they had to stand straight up and dig their guns in.

It takes about 12 hours of good hard work to dig in the guns when they move to a new position. They dig in one gun at a time while the three others are firing. My gun is dug into a circular pit about four feet deep and 20 feet across. This has been rimmed with a parapet of sandbags and dirt, until when you stand on the floor of the pit you can just see over the top. The boys are safe down there from anything but a direct hit.

Their gun is covered in the daytime by a large camouflage net. My crew fires anywhere from 10 to 150 shells a night. In the very early days on the beachhead, they kept firing one night until they had only half a dozen shells left. But the supply has been built up now, and there is no danger of their running short again.

The first night I was with them was a slow night and they fired only nine shells. The boys were terribly disappointed. They said it would have to turn out that the night I was with them would be the quietest and also the coldest they had ever had.

So just because of that I stayed a second night with them. And that time we fired all night long. It was indicated that we had brought down seven of the 15 planes we fired at and the boys were elated.

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