Tehran Conference (EUREKA)

85 
740.0011 EW 1939/32362a: Telegram

The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in the Soviet Union

Washington, December 4, 1943 — midnight

Confidential (part restricted)
1342–1344.

Morning press in the United States headlined stories from London that the Moscow radio had announced in an official Soviet news agency broadcast for provincial Russian papers that:

A few days ago, in Tehran, a conference took place between the leaders of the three Allied powers, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Premier Stalin. Diplomatic and military representatives took part in the conference.

At the conference, questions on the conduct of the war against Germany were discussed as well as a number of political questions.

Corresponding decisions were adopted which will be made public later.

No word having been received in this country of the conclusion of the conference and there being nothing to announce in the United States, the publication in Moscow has created a furor in the press. OWI Director Elmer Davis has requested the Department to ascertain the circumstances of the announcement and particularly whether this was a violation of any release date agreed upon by the conferees. We had all assumed that an arrangement would be made for simultaneous publication in the USSR, Great Britain and the United States but so far have no definite information about such an arrangement. Any information you are able to send us about the Moscow broadcast will assist greatly.

HULL

86

The President’s Secretary to the President’s special assistant 

Washington, 4 December 1943

For Mr. Hopkins from Mr. Early.

All press and radio here headline today Moscow radio reports received via London that Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin had met in Tehran few days ago and discussed questions related to war against Germany and including political war issues. The reports added that the conferences have been concluded and detailed statement is expected momentarily. This comes from the government-controlled Moscow radio and further complicates the situation resulting from the British Reuters premature disclosures concerning Cairo conference. If mechanically possible and in face of these developments, I urge quickest possible release and publication of Tehran communiqué. Regards.

87 
740.0011 EW 1939/32176: Telegram

The Ambassador in the Soviet Union to the Secretary of State

Moscow, December 4, 1943

U.S. urgent
2113.

The Roosevelt-Stalin-Churchill conference in Tehran is reported in the Moscow newspapers for December 4 in the following TASS dispatch datelined Tehran December 3.

A few days ago, in Tehran, a conference took place between the leaders of the three Allied powers, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Premier Stalin. Diplomatic and military representatives took part in the conference.

At the conference, questions on the conduct of the war against Germany were discussed as well as a number of political questions.

Corresponding decisions were adopted which will be made public later.

HARRIMAN

88

The Director of the Office of War Information to the Director of the London Bureau of the Office of War Information 

Washington, December 4, 1943

Secret
Rapid

Please transmit following to Bracken: Now that the Russians have set us both back on our tails perhaps we can get together on some measures to prevent repetition of these deplorable incidents. I have asked State Department to make inquiries in Moscow as to how this Russian thing happened and whether it broke an agreed release date, on which latter point I am not yet informed. Meanwhile I am meeting with Price and Early and hope we can agree on some ideas for improved arrangements which will be forwarded for your comment. Eventually we may perhaps be able to agree with information agencies of other governments on program which can be made as a united recommendation to our principals. Regarding Connally, he does not appear to have said anything more than was contained in Reuters Lisbon story and other speculations earlier in the week. I share your wish that all rumors and conjectures on such meetings could be silenced but doubt if it could be done by domestic censorship in either country since we cannot control the enemy. All we can hope to do is to refrain from giving his speculations confirmation. Hope that we shall be able to concur in recommendations which will avert these painful episodes in future. End message to Bracken; remainder for Carroll. Sorry you have had to be in the front line and take the heat in this matter but believe Russian performance will measurably reduce inflammation of Anglo-American relations. Also may have salutary effect of persuading our betters to consult their hired experts on such matters hereafter.

89

The Pittsburgh Press (December 4, 1943)

Iran parley finished by ‘Big Three’

Ultimatum and plans for invasion believed approved
By Edward W. Beattie, United Press staff writer

Russians surprised by news of parley

Moscow, USSR (UP) –
The Russian people got one of their greatest surprises of the war today when they learned that Premier Joseph Stalin had gone to Tehran to confer with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

Although such a conference had been a matter of common gossip at every gathering of foreign diplomats and correspondents for two weeks, the Russians had no inkling of it.

The first public report of the conference was a broadcast of an official TASS News Agency dispatch, which all Moscow newspapers published on their front pages today.

London, England –
President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Premier Stalin were revealed today to have concluded a conference in Tehran, Iran, at which they probably put the final stamp of approval on plans for an invasion of Western Europe and the complete defeat of Germany sometime next year.

A communiqué was expected momentarily that will call upon Axis Europe to “yield or die” and proclaim Germany’s post-war fate in broad terms that become increasingly stringent for every additional month she resists.

The communiqué will probably touch off an explosive crisis in the Balkans, perhaps leading to the early collapse of Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, and hasten Germany’s doom.

Broadcast by TASS

The first authentic details of the “Big Three” conference, about which the whole world has been speculating for nearly a month, were disclosed by the official Russian news agency TASS early today in a transmission over the Moscow radio for Russian provincial newspapers. The TASS dispatch was later repeated in the Moscow home broadcasts.

The dispatch said:

A few days ago, a conference of the three leaders of the Allied powers – President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Premier Stalin – occurred in Tehran.

Diplomatic and military representatives participated in the conference, at which problems of the warfare against Germany were discussed, as well as a series of political questions.

Decisions were taken which will be published.

Though TASS did not indicate the duration of the conference, the Berlin radio guessed that it began Nov. 28 – two days after the conclusion of the Roosevelt-Churchill-Chiang Kai-shek “crush Japan” meeting in Cairo – and ended yesterday.

London sources believed military discussions were confined largely to formal approval of Anglo-American plans for an invasion of Western Europe at the earliest possible moment in conjunction with an intensified Red Army drive from the east and possibly a thrust into the Balkans.

Says Montgomery present

There have been repeated rumors that the Allies were on the point of invading the Balkans from Italy, Africa or a Cyprus with a possibility that Turkey may be drawn into the war under her mutual-assistance alliance with Britain to provide additional bases for the assault.

Nazi broadcasts have suggested that Gen. Sir Bernard L. Montgomery, commander of Britain’s 8th Army, now in southern Italy attended the conference.

However, most observers were convinced that political discussions dominated the Tehran Conference.

Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria have previously been reported extending peace feelers to the Allies and informed sources believed they stand ready to withdraw from the war at the first opportunity.

These quarters doubted that similar quick results can be expected in Germany, however, even though the three heads of state might explain that early capitulation would ease though never avert their punishment.

Presumably, Messrs. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin will propose the quarantining of Germany in post-war Europe and the shackling of her manpower and industries to prevent any preparation for another world war.

The situation inside Germany was obscured by a flood of propaganda which on one side emphasized the Reich’s desperate situation and on the other side asserted that the country will never yield.

While the German people under Nazi rule may be in no position to assert themselves, the army, with the support of old-line conservatives who have already recognized the certainty of defeat, might during the next three months build up a coup.

First trip in 30 years

Premier Stalin’s trip to Tehran marked the first time in more than 30 years that he has gone outside of Russia’s borders. It was his first meeting with Mr. Roosevelt, though Mr. Churchill previously journeyed to Moscow to confer with the Soviet Premier.

Disclosure by TASS that the conference had been held was taken as an indication here that Premier Stalin had returned to Moscow and that Messrs. Roosevelt and Churchill had left Tehran.

The Berlin radio, in its overseas service, predicted that the conference would result in a demand for Germany’s surrender and promptly rejected it.

Davis takes action on Soviet ‘scoop’

Washington (UP) –
Elmer Davis, director of the Office of War Information, announced today that he has asked the State Department to make inquiries in Moscow concerning last night’s announcement by TASS, the official Soviet news agency, about the “Big Three” conference in Tehran.

He sought information particularly as to whether the TASS announcement was a violation of any release date agreed upon by the conferees.

The TASS announcement – the first official confirmation of the meeting of President Roosevelt, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and Prime Minister Winston Churchill – marked the second time this week that this government’s official news sources had been left at the post on international conference news.

White House Secretary Stephen T. Early said the Moscow announcement of the Tehran Conference last night was a surprise as far as the White House staff was concerned.

Mr. Davis repeated a statement made last night that TASS’ publication of news of the conference emphasized the need of precise and binding agreements between the representatives of all interested governments to assure fair handling and simultaneous release of such news in all countries.

He said he would consult with Brendan Bracken, head of the British Ministry of Information – and with information agencies of other governments as occasion requires – concerning measures which may be recommended to their superiors to prevent repetition of “such incidents which cause a quite avoidable international irritation.”

Landon asks caution on Moscow pacts

Washington (UP) –
Former Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas told Republicans today that GOP endorsement of the “so-called agreements” reached in Moscow before they are precisely defined would be “reckless and shortsighted” and “disastrous for the country.”

Addressing a luncheon meeting of Republican junior senators, the 1936 Republican presidential candidate coupled denunciation of the administration’s “uncertain” foreign policy with a proposal that “real Democrats” join Republicans in drafting legislation to keep “arrogant and strutting bureaucrats within due bounds of the law.”

Mr. Landon said Republicans should reject suggestions that both parties adopt in their 1944 platforms “similar declarations on foreign policy.”

He asserted:

Such a course would accelerate the danger of a drift towards one party in our country.

Expressing fear that the Moscow declarations “settled little outside of the military arrangements,” Mr. Landon said there was no assurance that Russia agreed with the non-aggrandizement principles of the Atlantic Charter.

90

Völkischer Beobachter (December 5, 1943)

Von Kairo bis Teheran –
Das anglo-amerikanische Verräterspiel

b—r. Bern, 4. Dezember –
Durch eine Samstag vormittag in Moskau ausgegebene Mitteilung wurde nun offiziell bestätigt, daß in Teheran, der Hauptstadt Irans, eine Zusammenkunft zwischen Stalin, Roosevelt und Churchill stattgefunden habe. Diplomatische und militärische Vertreter der drei beteiligten Mächte hätten an der Konferenz teilgenommen. Fragen der Kriegführung gegen Deutschland und auch eine Reihe politischer Fragen seien besprochen worden. Die Entscheidungen würden später veröffentlicht werden.

Man ist also mit den abschließenden Formulierungen, die man sicherlich als Wochenendsensation herausgeben wollte, nicht rechtzeitig fertig geworden. Bei aller Gemeinsamkeit des Vernichtungswillens gegen Deutschland haben sich die realen Interessengegensätze wohl kaum als gering erwiesen. So hat man sich zunächst mit einem nichtssagenden Vorbericht begnügt, der der anglo-amerikanischen Presse noch keine festen Grundlagen für ihre politischen Spekulationen gibt. Sie muß sich begnügen, darauf hinzuweisen, daß Stalin anläßlich dieser Konferenz zum erstenmal seit der russischen Revolution den Boden der Sowjetunion verlassen hat. Freilich hat er, wie hinzuzufügen ist, sich nur eine beschiedene Strecke weit außer Landes begeben und die beiden Anglo-Amerikaner haben ihn den weitaus größten Teil des Weges entgegenkommen müssen. Die Wahl des von den Sowjets besetzten Teiles von Iran für die Konferenz ist selbstverständlich auf das Sicherheitsbedürfnis Stalins zurückzuführen. Dieser hätte sich nie darauf eingelassen, sich an einen Ort zu begeben, wo er sich nicht durch seine eigene GPU.-Leibwache schützen lassen könnte.

91

U.S. State Department (December 5, 1943)

891.00/2068: Telegram

The Minister in Iran to the Secretary of State

Tehran, December 5, 1943 — 4 p.m.
1090.

Persian language newspaper Friend of Iran published by (reference my 1086, December 3) Soviet Embassy press section this morning carried full text of declaration regarding Iran signed here December 1.

So far as I know, no other Tehran morning pa per published text of referred to declaration in any way. However, upon learning of its publication in Soviet paper, Prime Minister Soheily this morning released it to Tehran press and it will undoubtedly appear in all afternoon newspapers.

General Hurley and I had understood definitely that no release was to be made by anyone until 8 tomorrow night, Moscow time, and neither the British nor ourselves had released anything regarding the conference or the declaration on Iran. We shall still delay until tomorrow in accordance with instructions.

Repeated to Moscow and Cairo.

DREYFUS

92

The Pittsburgh Press (December 5, 1943)

‘Big Three’ to reveal decisions Monday

Speediest defeat of Nazis mapped by Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
By the United Press

A special communiqué giving further details of what President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Premier Stalin decided at their conference in Tehran last week will be released officially at 1:00 p.m. ET Monday afternoon.

Meanwhile, reports given out by TASS, the official Russian news agency, together with diplomatic speculation in other Allied capitals, disclosed that the discussions included both military and political matters.

The general military objective of the three great powers, it was said, will be to bring about the speediest possible defeat of Germany and the taking of measures to see that she does not rebuild her war machine in the future.

The German radio reported that President İsmet İnönü of Turkey, accompanied by political and military advisors, had left Saturday for Cairo to confer with Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill.

Face shuttle bombing

The assertion of some Washington observers that Germany would soon be subjected to a shuttle bombing, with Anglo-American heavy bombers utilizing Russian airdromes, was believed to presage military collaboration on a scale not heretofore seen in this war between the Eastern and Western Allies.

Russian sources in London have given a hint of the Russian post-war plan in the scheme to drive millions of German men for the reconstruction of the Russian areas which the Germans have laid waste during their slow retreat westward.

To speed attack

Whatever else the Stalin-Roosevelt-Churchill conference may produce in the way of agreement, there seemed no question that the present campaign of the Anglo-American armies in Italy would soon gain momentum, possibly pushing the Germans north of Rome by the first of the new year; that the Russians would soon launch new efforts to thrust the Germans beyond the Dniester River (border of Romania) and to free the Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia); and that the long-heralded Anglo-American invasion of Western Europe would not be long in coming.

The London Times said editorially Saturday that the conference is:

…the major event of the war and will doubtless put the copingstone upon a vast military effort for the overthrow of Germany to which the grand alliance stands committed.

The London Daily Telegraph’s diplomatic correspondent wrote that the Allied leaders had now rounded off their plans for all fronts, “coordinating strategy and timetables.”

Read with emphasis

The United Press listening post in London reported that the Russians showed every indication of taking the forthcoming announcement as of prime importance. The announcer of Radio Moscow read the brief news bulletin on the TASS dispatch with great emphasis. The broadcast was repeated several times to reach all elements in the country, a rare procedure reserved usually for announcements by Marshal Stalin.

The brief announcement by the Russian radio was expected to have a great impact upon Germany’s discouraged satellites – Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary.

Nazis won’t crack quickly

Informed persons doubted that Monday’s announcement by the three leaders would mean an immediate crackup in the German war effort despite rumored peace feelers by so-called conservative Germans. However, the satellites are so shaky that an early crisis in Eastern Europe was seen as a distinct possibility.

The situation within Germany itself is obscured by a flood of propaganda which on the one side emphasizes the desperate situation confronting the Reich and on the other asserts that the “unbreakable determination of the German people will never yield.”

Can’t hide successes

But no propaganda can hide the success of the Russians in the east, which is soon to become even more of a German disaster when the Russians begin to roll forward on frozen soil. The attack in Italy is soon expected to become a general offensive for Rome and that too cannot be hidden from the German people.

The German people will receive any Allied proclamation with the realization that they have only two choices – to surrender or face having their cities devastated one by one.

Round-the-world reaction to the Moscow announcement:

WASHINGTON: Director of OWI Elmer Davis announced that he has asked the State Department to make inquiries in Moscow concerning the announcement by TASS, the official Soviet news agency, about the “Big Three” conference.

LONDON: Newspapers, commenting on the Moscow announcement, said the three leaders had been legislating for victory and that the conference would be a final and decisive blow to Hitler’s hopes of splitting the Allies.

MOSCOW: Pravda printed the TASS announcement on its main front page column, usually reserved for items of the utmost importance.

STOCKHOLM: Swedish quarters believed the conference would result in a statement regarding Allied plans for dealing with Germany similar to those announced after the Cairo Conference with regard to Japan.

TURKEY: Radio Ankara said the meeting was “warmly commented on in the Turkish press,” according to a CBS pickup.

Every Turkish newspaper is praising it and emphasizing the great importance that the three leaders met.

BERLIN: The Berlin radio said:

The premature announcement by Moscow of the conclusion of the Tehran meeting came for the American information service as a bolt from the blue. Thus, once again a bomb exploded too early. The barbed wire, which both in Cairo and Tehran, separated hermetically the conferees from the outer world, could not prevent premature explosions, thus depriving propaganda bombs aimed at Japan and Germany of their detonation power.

93

Plan to invade facing discard

Army and Navy Register says it depends on parley
By Merriman Smith, United Press staff writer

Washington – (Dec. 4)
Decisions reached by President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin in Tehran – the conference on which a Soviet news agency scooped the world – may make an Allied invasion of Western Europe unnecessary, the Army and Navy Register said today.

What decisions the three Allied leaders made have not yet been officially disclosed, but Russia’s TASS Agency stated unequivocally that agreement was reached on both military and political moves for destroying Germany as war-making power.

Upon these decisions “and the results thereof in the next few weeks or months,” the unofficial Army and Navy Register said in an editorial, will depend the “necessity for invasion.”

Cites ‘future events’

The service publication added:

Near future events may avoid the necessity of invasion, and that is a consummation devoutly wished for.

European reports of a “momentary” official communiqué on the three-power conference to the contrary, responsible officials here thought the announcement was not particularly imminent. This situation seemed to stem from security considerations and an effort to protect the principals while they are in transit.

Meanwhile, Director Elmer Davis of the Office of War Information, smarting under the second foreign scoop in a week on a war conference, asked the State Department:

…to make inquiries in Moscow as to the circumstances of publication by the Russian government agency of news of a conference at Tehran and whether such publication was violation of any agreed release date.

Earlier in the week, the British Reuters News Agency reported the Roosevelt-Churchill-Chiang Kai-shek meeting in Cairo before American newsmen were permitted to release the story.

Cites Marshall transfer

The Army and Navy Register did not elaborate its remarks except to say:

In the event an assault invasion, as distinguished from mere military occupation, becomes unnecessary, there would seem to be no reason to transfer Gen. Marshall from his present place as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army to a high command in the European Theater, unless his administrative genius is needed for the meeting of the tremendous problems that will confront the occupation commander.

Gen. Marshall has long been believed to be the United Nations’ choice as commander to lead any cross-Channel invasion of Western Europe. The American staff chief accompanied President Roosevelt to the Cairo and Tehran meetings. Whatever decisions were reached, the Register said, he probably will not return here with the President.

94

Völkischer Beobachter (December 6, 1943)

Der ‚psychologische Hammerschlag‘ ging daneben –
Europa erkennt den großen jüdischen Bluff

Wien, 5. Dezember –
Das große Bluffschaustück, das uns der Feind in Ägypten und Iran vor zuführen gedachte, ist zu einer lächerlichen Komödie geworden. Die Akteure haben sich bei dem „psychologischen Hammerschlag auf die deutsche Kriegsmoral“ auf die eigenen Finger gehauen. Erst mehrere Tage nach Beendigung der Konferenz in dem von den Sowjets besetzten Iran erhielt die Welt aus dem alliierten Lager überhaupt erst Kunde davon, daß diese Konferenz statt­ gefunden hat. Dabei gab Reuter nicht einmal eine eigene Meldung, sondern übernahm wortwörtlich die deutsche Meldung.

Auch- über die Nennung des Tagungsortes bestand im Feindlager keine Einigkeit. Während Reuters Täbris nannte, meldete der Sender Moskau Teheran. Aus den USA verlautete überhaupt nichts darüber. Dort hüllt man sich in Schweigen und ist sehr böse darüber, daß die englischen und sowjetischen Meldungen Roosevelt das Konzept verdorben haben. Von Roosevelt stammt nämlich die Idee, die Welt mit einer Bluffsensation zu überraschen. Er wollte die große Propaganda-bombe gegen Deutschland plötzlich in die Luft gehen lassen und muß nun voller Wut feststellen, daß die Bombe vorzeitig zerplatzt ist.

Die ganze „psychologische Wirkung,“ auf die es die jüdischen Agitationsstrategen Roosevelts angelegt hatten, ist verpufft. Es ist daher nicht mehr als ein Rückzugsgefecht, wenn Reuters aus Washington meldet, die Meldung des Moskauer Rundfunks über den Abschluß der Besprechungen in Teheran habe die Erwartungen in Washington noch erhöht, daß „große psychologische Schläge gegen Deutschland bevorstehen, um den Krieg in Europa zu beenden.“

Roosevelts Agitationschef Elmer Davis bleibt nun nichts weiter übrig, als in Lon­don und Moskau Beschwerde einzulegen, weil man dort in der Nachrichtengebung entgegen dem Plan des Weißen Hauses vorgeprellt ist. Die Engländer haben einen gehörigen Rüffel einstecken müssen, mit den Sowjets geht Elmer Davis natürlich wesentlich sanfter um. Er gibt nur zu ver­stehen, daß die frühzeitige Nachrichten­übermittlung des Moskauer Rundfunks zur Konferenz in Iran „für die amerikanischen Informationsstellen wie ein Blitz aus heiterem Himmel“ kam.

Weit wichtiger als dieser Nachrichten­ krieg am Rande der großen Bluffaktion ist der Satz in der Moskauer Meldung, daß das Konferenzkommuniqué „noch heraus­ gegeben werde.“ Das ist immerhin kennzeichnend. Denn wenn man sich einige Tage nach Konferenzschluß noch nicht auf die Formel geeinigt hat, läßt das eindeutig darauf schließen, daß es mit der vielgerühmten „Einigkeit der Alliierten“ nicht weit her ist. Offenbar sucht man nach einem möglichst guten Abgang von der Bühne, nachdem man erkannt hat, daß mit Bluffmätzchen die deutsche Moral nicht erschüttert werden kann. Vermutlich sollten die Terrorangriffe, die die britische und nordamerikanische Luftwaffe gegen deut­sche Städte unternahm, eine Probe aufs Exempel sein. Das Ergebnis muß aber wohl ebenfalls höchst unbefriedigend gewesen sein, nachdem man hat feststellen müssen, daß die deutsche Moral nach wie vor ausgezeichnet ist, und daß das deutsche Volk weder durch Drohungen noch durch Terrorakte mürbe gemacht werden kann.

Die reichlich abgegriffenen Drohungen, wie etwa die der News Chronicle, daß das deutsche Volk „auf jeden Fall unter­ drückt und ganz kurz gehalten werden müsse“ und die Schreckensmär der New York Herald Tribune, daß man im Wa­shingtoner Kongreß und sonstigen politischen Kreisen annehme, Roosevelt, Chur­chill und Stalin arbeiteten an dem „Kapitulation- oder Todesultimatum“ an Deutschland, verfehlen so völlig ihre Wirkung, um so mehr, wenn New York Herald Tribune mit der grotesk wirken den Behauptung operiert, daß „Italien glücklicher nach der bedingungslosen Kapitulation” sei.

Neuer Druck auf die Türkei

Wenn jetzt davon die Rede ist, daß Roosevelt auf der Heimreise den türkischen Außenminister Menemencioglu sprechen werde, dann zeigt das, daß der USA.-Präsident auch kein besseres Rezept weiß, den europäischen Krieg zu beenden, als daß die Türken in den Krieg hineingezerrt werden sollen. Eine solche Aussprache Roosevelts mit Menemencioglu wäre weiter ein Beweis dafür, daß der Feind die Schwäche seiner Mittelmeeropposition erkannt hat und keine Möglichkeit sieht, die Südostflanke Europas aufzureißen. Die Türkei wird sich also nach den Konferenzen von Kairo und Teheran einem neuen Druck der Kriegsbrandstifter ausgesetzt sehen, der darauf berechnet ist, das türkische Volk aus seiner strikten Neutralität herauszudrängen.

Schlußstrich für die kleinen Staaten

Die Ansicht griechischer Kreise über die Konferenz von Teheran faßt die Saloniker Zeitung Nea Evropi dahin zusammen, daß Teheran den Schlußstrich unter die Auslieferung der kleinen Staaten, insbesondere aber der Emigrantenkomitees an den Bolschewismus setze. Bezüglich des ehemaligen griechischen Königs habe Churchill ja bereits entsprechende Erklärungen abgegeben, als er im Unterhaus mitteilte, England sei beileibe keine Verpflichtungen hinsichtlich der Wiedereinsetzung des Königs nach dem Kriege eingegangen. Auch der ehemalige König des einstigen Jugoslawiens habe seine Befehle erhalten, indem man ihn aufgefordert habe, die Banden Mihailowitschs aufzulösen und sie dem Kommunistengeneral Tito unterzuordnen. England gebe damit endgültig die beiden Balkanstaaten auf, nachdem es sie mit seinen Versprechungen und Garantien in den Krieg hineingetrieben habe. Es sei offensichtlich, daß sich England den sowjetischen Wünsche völlig unterworfen habe.

Täuschung nicht möglich

Zu Teheran schreibt die Bukarester Viatza: Eines sei gewiß: ganz Europa denke mit Entsetzen an seine geplante Bolschewisierung, so umgänglich und demokratisch man die Bolschewisten auch immer darstellen möge. Schließlich könnten auch die Erklärungen, die kürzlich in den USA und in England, abgegeben worden seien – das Blatt beruft sich dabei auf die Erklärungen von Smuts und Berle – die Befürchtungen über die aggressiven Absichten der Sowjets gegen ihre Nachbarländer und selbst gegen die Exilregierungen nur verstärken.

‚Ein Gang nach Kanossa‘

Die Konferenz von Teheran war für Churchill und Roosevelt ein Gang nach Kanossa, schreibt die in Pamplona erscheinende. Zeitung Diario de Navarra zu der Konferenz von Teheran. Stalin habe mit satanischer Bosheit darauf bestanden, daß die Konferenz nicht außerhalb seines Machtbereichs stattfinde, und die beiden angelsächsischen Staatsmänner hätten wohl oder übel den Kanossagang antreten müssen, um den roten Zaren persönlich zu sprechen. Diese Nachgiebigkeit der plutokratisch und kapitalistisch regierten Länder aber beweise, welche Macht Stalin heute den Anglo-Amerikanern gegenüber bereits besitze. Es sei daher kaum abwegig anzunehmen, daß es auch Stalin gewesen sei, der Churchill und Roosevelt seine Pläne und Ziele einfach diktiert habe.

95

U.S. State Department (December 6, 1943)

The Shah of Iran to President Roosevelt

Tehran, December 6, 1943

Dear Mr. President, Your Minister duly delivered the framed photograph which Your Excellency was good enough to present to me, just before your departure, as a souvenir of your memorable visit to Tehran.

This handsome gift, a very good likeness, stands in a prominent place in my study and will always remind me of your great personality and the interesting conversation we had together on November 30.

Your Excellency’s kind letter of December 1 has also been gratefully received. The cordial sentiments therein expressed are entirely reciprocated, and I look forward to an ever-increasing cooperation between our two countries in the arts of peace to our mutual advantage.

Let me assure Your Excellency that the friendship of the American People is very precious to us; my constant desire will be to foster closer ties between Iran and the United States of America which have already been brought so near to one another in the common struggle for freedom.

It is indeed a matter for gratification that the momentous Tehran Conference was a success. We have to be particularly grateful to Your Excellency for your share in obtaining approval of the satisfactory communiqué issued yesterday regarding Iran, in the drafting of which Mr. Dreyfus, Your able and distinguished representative, has taken an outstanding part.

The kind invitation to visit Washington, extended by Your Excellency, is much appreciated and I hope to be able to avail myself of it and to have the pleasure of seeing You again as soon as circumstances permit.

With the assurance of my friendship and highest consideration, I remain dear Mr. President

Yours sincerely
MOHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVI

96 
740.0011 EW 1939/32203: Telegram

The Ambassador in the Soviet Union to the Secretary of State 

Moscow, December 6, 1943 — 7 p.m.

U.S. urgent
2131.

The announcement in Moscow in the newspapers for December 4 of the Conference was a complete surprise to me. There was agreement at the Conference that the two agreed declarations were to be released for publication not before December 6, 8 p.m., Moscow Time. Your 1344 December 4, midnight, not urgent, which was received here December 6, 3 p.m. and promptly decoded. Release was to be made simultaneously in London, Moscow and Washington. It was my distinct understanding, and I was present, that it was understood that no mention of the Conference would be made before that time for security reasons. Since my return last night I have not seen Molotov who, I believe, only arrived back today and I am therefore unable at present to give an explanation of the reason which led the Soviet Government to authorize the announcement. It is not unlikely that the original reference by Reuters in Lisbon to a meeting of The Three and reports that Senator Connally in a broadcast had stated that a meeting was then taking place in the Middle East caused the Soviet Government to make the announcement in question.

I assume you have full information now as to the arrangements for simultaneous publication. I personally gave Major John Boettiger, of the President’s press staff, authentic copies of the two declarations in order that he might make the necessary technical arrangements.

I shall take the first suitable opportunity to ascertain from Molotov the reasons which led the Soviet Government to make the announcement.

HARRIMAN

97 
Press Release
December 6, 1943

Declaration of the Three Powers

WE – The President of the United States, The Prime Minister of Great Britain, and the Premier of the Soviet Union, have met these four days past in this, the capital of our ally, Iran, and have shaped and confirmed our common policy.

We express our determination that our nations shall work together in war and in the peace that will follow.

As to war – Our military staffs have joined in our round table discussions, and we have concerted our plans for the destruction of the German forces. We have reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations to be undertaken from the East, West and South.

The common understanding which we have here reached guarantees that victory will be ours.

And as to peace – we are sure that our concord will win an enduring peace. We recognize fully the supreme responsibility resting upon us and all the United Nations, to make a peace which will command the good will of the overwhelming mass of the peoples of the world, and banish the scourge and terror of war for many generations.

With our diplomatic advisers we have surveyed the problems of the future. We shall seek the cooperation and the active participation of all nations, large and small, whose peoples in heart and mind are dedicated, as are our own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance. We will welcome them, as they may choose to come, into a world family of democratic nations.

No power on earth can prevent our destroying the German armies by land, their U-boats by sea, and their war plants from the air.

Our attack will be relentless and increasing.

Emerging from these cordial conferences we look with confidence to the day when all peoples of the world may live free lives, untouched by tyranny, and according to their varying desires and their own consciences.

We came here with hope and determination. We leave here, friends in fact, in spirit and in purpose.

Signed at Tehran, Iran, December 1, 1943
ROOSEVELT
STALIN
CHURCHILL

98

The Pittsburgh Press (December 6, 1943)

BIG THREE PACT REVEALED
Three-front war to knock out Germany; formula for lasting peace adopted

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin map victory, push from east, west, south
By Oskar Guth, United Press staff writer


Historic meeting of Marshal Joseph Stalin, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill brought this picture of the three Allied leaders sitting on the portico of the Russian Embassy at Tehran, Iran. Mr. Churchill is in the uniform of an RAF marshal.


With military, naval aides, Marshal Joseph Stalin, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill pose on the portico of the Russian Embassy at Tehran after their conference. In the background are Gen. H. H. Arnold, Chief of the U.S. Army Air Forces; an unidentified British officer; Adm. Sir Andrew Browne Cunningham, British Chief of Naval Staff, and Adm. William Leahy, Chief of Staff to President Roosevelt.


Outside the Tehran Embassy, a group of Allied leaders are shown after the conference. Gen. George C. Marshall, U.S. Army Chief of Staff, shakes hands with an unidentified man. others are Harry Hopkins, an interpreter, Marshal Stalin, Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov and Russian Marshal Kliment Y. Voroshilov.

Tehran Conference in brief

The men

  • Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States
  • Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
  • Joseph Stalin, Premier of the Soviet Union

The place
Tehran, capital of ancient Iran, where the mechanized military might of the Western nations who have made Iran a supply route for Russia contrasts with the customs of the Orient unchanged for centuries.

What they did
Agreed to work together in the war and in the peace to follow; agreed to the scope and timing of the final assault upon Germany from east, west and south; agreed to write a peace welcoming all enemies of tyranny into a world of democratic amity.

Tehran, Iran –
President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Premier Stalin have agreed on a master plan to crush Germany by powerful offensives on three fronts – including invasions of Western Europe and possibly the Balkans – and have mapped a peace that should endure for “many generations.”

The “Big Three” of the Allied nations announced their decisions in broad terms in a declaration issued today after 100 hours of unparalleled conferences that embraced military, diplomatic and political questions both of the war and the peace to follow.

After concluding their four-day sessions last Wednesday, Premier Stalin returned to Moscow and Messrs. Roosevelt and Churchill to Cairo to translate into action the decisions that their joint declaration said guaranteed “victory will be ours.”

With the Tehran Conference, the Allies completed the blueprint for the war in the months to come in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The previous week, Messrs. Roosevelt and Churchill conferred with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and laid down the broad strategy calculated to bring Japan to her knees.

Specifically, the three heads of states proclaimed in their joint Tehran declaration:

  1. “We have reached complete understanding as to the scope and timing of operations which will be undertaken from the East, West and South.”

  2. “No power on earth can prevent our destroying the German armies by land, their U-boats by sea, and their war plants from the air. Our attacks will be relentless and increasing.”

  3. “We recognize fully the responsibility resting upon us and all the United Nations to make a peace which will command good will from the overwhelming masses of the world and banish the scourge and terror of war for many generations.”

  4. “We will welcome… as they may choose to come into the world family of democratic nations… all nations, large and small, whose peoples in heart and in mind are dedicated, as are our own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance.”

  5. “We came here with hope and determination. We leave here friends in fact, in spirit and in purpose.”

Contrary to expectations in many quarters, the declaration contained no ultimatum to the German people to throw out their Nazi leaders and surrender unconditionally to avoid complete devastation of their homeland.

It was believed that the “Big Three” may have decided to delay any such ultimatum until a moment when success is assured. Most Allied authorities agree that German morale has not yet reached the breaking point.

Messrs. Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, in a subsidiary statement on Iran’s part in the war, said they counted upon the participation of all:

…peace-loving nations, in the establishment of international peace, security and prosperity after the war, in accordance with the principles of the Atlantic Charter, to which all four governments (including Iran) have continued to subscribe.

Though the conference laid the groundwork for an international post-war organization to build and enforce a lasting peace, the immediate military decisions overshadowed all else.

Anglo-American plans for the opening of a “second front” by an invasion of Western Europe and how it can be coordinated with a mammoth Red Army offensive from the East and new blows from the Mediterranean presumably dominated the discussions.

Military conferees who accompanied the “Big Three” included Gen. George C. Marshall, U.S. Chief of Staff and likely choice as Supreme Commander of the assault from the west, and Marshal Kliment Y. Voroshilov, hero of Stalingrad and one of Russia’s ablest military leaders.

The declaration’s reference to “complete agreement” on all major aspects of the three-front war by land, air and sea confirmed for the first time that Russia has accepted the date proposed by Messrs. Roosevelt and Churchill for a second front.

It also indicated that Stalin for the first time had informed the United States and Britain of the most secret details of the Red Army’s plans for offensive blows from the East.

Disclosure that operations will also be undertaken “from the South” pointed to a possible Allied thrust into the turbulent Balkans, either across the Adriatic from newly-won bases in southern Italy or from Africa and the Levant into the Aegean, in addition to a quickening of the current campaign in Italy.

Turkish participation would be most helpful in any Balkan operation and there has been widespread speculation that Turkey at least will grant bases to the Allies under the terms of her mutual-assistance pact with Britain.

Held in place

The Tehran Conference sessions were held in an old Persian palace which now serves as the Soviet Embassy. All servants of the Embassy, except for some U.S. Army cooks, were Russian secret police. British soldiers and Indian Sikhs stood guard around the compound wall and armored cars were stationed at each street intersection.

Other elaborate precautions were also taken because the Germans still have many agents in Iran seeking to stir up the natives.

Marshal Stalin, making his first trip outside Russia’s borders since he went to Krakau, Austria, in 1912, arrived in Tehran Nov. 26 and Messrs. Roosevelt and Churchill on Nov. 27.

Guest of Stalin

Mr. Roosevelt went to the U.S. Legation the first night, but moved into the main building of the Soviet Embassy as Premier Stalin’s guest the following night and remained there throughout the rest of the conference. Premier Stalin stayed in a small house in the Embassy compound, while Mr. Churchill stayed at the British Legation across the street.

The social program of the conference included a birthday party on Mr. Churchill’s 69th birthday Nov. 30, at which the 34 guests drank at least 34 toasts, including those by Marshal Stalin to both Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill, whom he called “my fighting friends,” and to American production, in which he mentioned victory in the past tense.

Roosevelt gives bowl

Mr. Roosevelt gave Mr. Churchill an old Persian bowl which connoisseurs called a “fair antique” with a card expressing the hope “may we be together for many years.” Marshal Stalin did not give a present.

Another high spot in the program was the dramatic presentation by Mr. Churchill to Premier Stalin and Marshal Voroshilov of the British honor Sword of Stalingrad on behalf of King George VI and the British people.

The conferees recognized Iran’s part in the war as a transit base for Allied supplies bound for Russia in a statement that promised all economic assistance possible during and after the war and expressed their desire for the maintenance of “the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran.”

Roosevelt and Stalin meet in closely guarded room

Tehran, Iran (UP) –
The moment which President Roosevelt had said would be the realization of his fondest hope – his meeting face to face with Joseph Stalin – occurred at about 3:15 p.m. Sunday, Nov. 28.

Mr. Roosevelt, who had driven on his arrival Saturday to the U.S. Legation, had just moved over to the handsome Russian Embassy, a former palace located in a compound guarded by Russian secret service men, Russian officers bearing Tommy guns, British Army Sikhs and Tommies.

Stalin strode up the gravel path from his villa within the grounds, wearing the dark blue uniform of a Soviet marshal and a long coat. Behind him a few steps came V. M. Molotov, Soviet Foreign Minister. Behind Molotov were several generals.

They vanished from view through the handsome portal.

Packed with guards

Eyewitnesses to the historic handclasp are not available. It occurred in a building closely packed with guards. Almost every few feet within the building was a Soviet secret service man. They were described as standing for hours without moving.

There were also many U.S. Secret Service men. In the kitchen were U.S. Army cooks to prepare the President’s meals.

Stalin was closeted with the President for 90 minutes while Molotov waited in an adjacent room. Mr. Churchill arrived about 4:45 p.m. and the initial plenary session began.

Four such meetings were held, one each day. The “Big Three” dined together each night.

Meanwhile, the military men of the three nations met almost continuously.

Nine-foot table

The table at which Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin conferred was made of oak and was about nine feet in diameter. The Russian Embassy gave a Tehran carpenter an order for the table shortly before the conference.

By Friday, when Stalin arrived, the Embassy compound was a fortress. Huge screens had been put up at each end of the street in which the Soviet Embassy and British Legations face one another and a four-block area, swarming with guards, was blocked off.

The excitement started long before Stalin’s arrival. For days the city’s streets had been abustle with innocent-looking Russians, Americans with broad-brimmed hats and rain-coated Englishmen. Miles of telephone wires were strung by American soldiers between the various United Nations embassies and legations.

Saturday guards around the British Legation were tripled and the city swarmed with new groups of mysterious foreigners.

Planes circle city

In midafternoon, several large planes circled the city and crowds in the streets cried:

Here they are! Roosevelt! Churchill!

The airfield was surrounded by troops armed with Tommy guns and bayonet-tipped rifles.

Mr. Roosevelt, surrounded by tanks and armored cars, led and followed by motorcycle troops, sped through Tehran to the legation at the other end of the city.

By comparison, Mr. Churchill was almost unguarded. Iranian police and horse guards lined some streets along his route.

Tehranites gathered on the main streets and cheered Mr. Roosevelt as he whizzed past.

So far as could be ascertained, Voroshilov was the only high Soviet military official participating in the vital sessions other than Stalin.

Final session Wednesday

The final conference started with a luncheon on Wednesday and continued without interruption until 10:30 p.m. Among those who participated were the three leaders, Molotov, Harry Hopkins, British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, U.S. Ambassador to Russia W. Averell Harriman, U.S. Ambassador to Britain John Winant, Adm. William D. Leahy, Gen. George C. Marshall, Adm. Ernest King, Gen. H. H. Arnold, and Lt. Gen. Brehon Somervell.

Other British participants were Sir Alan Brooke, Adm. Sir Andrew Browne Cunningham, Air Marshal Sir Charles Portal, Sir John Dill and Clark-Kerr.

Military decisions were completed by 4:00 p.m. Thursday, after which a 10-hour session was devoted to drawing up the communiqué. The final conference broke up after Dec. 2.

Axis propaganda stresses delay

By Paul Ghali

Berne, Switzerland –
The delay in issuing a communiqué concerning the Tehran tripartite conference is being exploited by Axis propagandists to belittle its importance and reassure their apprehensive peoples concerning its outcome.

From both Berlin and “Fascist circles in northern Italy” come widely-publicized reports that the conference has not attained the results hoped for by Washington and London. It is even stated that Stalin has returned from his trip a very disappointed man.

Fascist circles, according to Chiasso dispatches today, speak of a “sensational diplomatic surprise” which forthcoming days reserve for those Fascists and Nazis who have never doubted final victory.

99

Conference in Tehran is also ‘family affair’

Tehran, Iran (UP) –
The Tehran Conference was a “family affair” for President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

With the President was his son, Lt. Col. Elliott Roosevelt, and his son-in-law, Maj. John Boettiger.

Accompanying Mr. Churchill was his daughter, Sarah Churchill Oliver, and his son, Capt. Randolph Churchill.

100

Cross-Channel assault hinted by Big Three pledge

Gen. Marshall may direct invasion of Europe this winter
By Reuel S. Moore, United Press staff writer

Washington –
Military observers today interpreted the Tehran “victory conference” pledge to smash Germany from east, west and south as an omen of early land invasion of Western Europe.

Gen. George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, is expected to lead that attack to be launched this winter or in early spring.

The Roosevelt-Churchill-Stalin declaration seemed to remove almost all doubts that may have existed as to whether the Allies would venture the attack from the west for which they have steadily been assembling powerful forces.

The announced decision of the American, British and Russian leaders, is to undertake a three-way attack on Germany by air, sea and land – from the east, west and south.

The unofficial Army and Navy Register suggested Saturday that decisions in Tehran might make an invasion of Western Europe unnecessary. But most military circles discounted that view. In the light of the Tehran Declaration, they believed the “Big Three” have even decided the time when the squeeze will be applied.

May attack in winter

The winter months or late spring would be the logical time to undertake the difficult western phase of the grand assault on Germany’s so-called Fortress Europe.

The advantages of a winter campaign include frozen highways which could support heavy equipment; fog or low-visibility conditions in the English Channel and North sea which could help protect invasion forces; and long nights which would permit more sustained aerial blows on vital German targets.

Has disadvantages

But winter would also have its disadvantages – rough seas that would increase difficulties of amphibious operations and the vagaries of the weather. In late spring, the roads would be sufficiently dried out and weather conditions would be more stable.

Military experts here believe that when the invasion comes, Allied forces will strike at numerous points along a front extending from northern Norway to northwestern France.

At the same time, observers here said, new invasions may be attempted from the south. For instance, the reborn French Army of Liberation could provide the Allies with a great psychological advantage if it landed in southern France. A drive across the Adriatic into the Balkans and an invasion of Greece from the Eastern Mediterranean are other possibilities.

Meanwhile, the Russians are expected to contribute a powerful new offensive in the east.

101

Writers score early release

Hit scoops on conferences by Reuters, TASS

Cairo, Egypt (UP) –
Seventy Allied newspaper correspondents, in a resolution to Brendan Bracken, head of the British Ministry of Information, and Elmer Davis, head of the OWI, today protested against press arrangements and breaking of releases dates on conferences of Allied leaders in the Middle East.

The resolution said:

Correspondents twice have been let down in the matter of safeguarding releases. The responsible government department so underestimated the importance of the occasion as to entrust its handling to an official with only the slightest experience in press or public relations.

The resolution added:

Many assurances given to the correspondents were not honored.

The correspondents – who watched the initial break on the Cairo Conference come from Reuters in a Lisbon dispatch and the news of the Tehran Conference released by the Russian news agency TASS via the Moscow radio – felt that the fault lay not with British or OWI officials who handled the press relations, but with Prime Minister Churchill and President Roosevelt.

Correspondents were not allowed any access to Mr. Churchill, Mr. Roosevelt or Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo, and repeated requests for a press conference were turned down. After Gen. Chiang left Cairo, it was learned that he would have been glad to see the newspapermen.

102

balkanmap
Invasion of the Balkans was hinted today as one of the possible Allied blows mapped at the Tehran Conference. Berlin, evidently fearing that Turkey might be drawn into the war, was reported massing troops on the Bulgarian-Turkish border (1). Allied planes bombed Salonika, Greece (2). Meanwhile, in Italy (3) Yanks seized three more heights dominating the main road to Rome.

103

The Pittsburgh Press (December 7, 1943)

Berlin terms parley U.S.-British sellout

By the United Press

Axis propagandists today described the Tehran Conference as a sellout by Great Britain and the United States and a “diplomatic victory” for Marshal Stalin, said second front mention was vague and declared the Allies would have realized their intentions against Germany long ago “if they had been able to do so.”

The Nazi home radio belittled the statement following the conference as “even more meager and empty than the announcement issued in Moscow,” referred to the principals as “the American big capitalist, the English Tory and the Bolshevik dictator.”

Prime Minister Churchill, the radio said, was “bringing up the rear in keeping with the satellite role to which England has sunk.”

Berlin broadcasts wondered why an appeal was not made to the German people and said Germany would not lay down her arms until victory was won.

In the first Japanese reaction, the Dōmei News Agency said an attempt to “destroy German morale on the basis of the successful propaganda used against Italy will be futile: and declared that the communiqué “doesn’t in the least affect Japan’s determination to crush the United States and Britain.”

DNB, the German news agency, said the Tehran communiqué was a “farce” and that it indicated that Mr. Churchill and President Roosevelt were “capitulating all along the line to Soviet demands.”

Roosevelt: ‘Very successful’

Cairo, Egypt (UP) –
President Roosevelt in two speeches to American soldiers in Iran said that he, Premier Joseph Stalin and Prime Minister Winston Churchill at a “very successful” Iran conference made plans to win the war as soon as possible and work for a world “for our children” in which war would cease to be a necessity, it was announced today.

Early last Thursday, just before he left Tehran, the President addressed “walking” patients at an American post hospital and later American troops at an Iranian base.

They were friendly, chatty speeches calculated to cheer men far from home.

‘Very successful’

The President said:

I have had conferences with Marshal Stalin and Prime Minister Churchill during the past four days – very successful, too – laying plans insofar as we can to make it unnecessary for us again to have Americans in Iran just as long as we and our children live.

I got here four days ago to meet with the Marshal of the Soviet Union and the Prime Minister of Great Britain to try to do two things.

The first was to lay military plans for cooperation between our three nations looking forward to winning the war just as fast as we possibly can and I think we have made progress toward that end.

Must win first

Our other purpose was to talk over world conditions after the war – to try to plan for a world for our children when war would cease to be a necessity. We have made great progress in that also. But, of course, the first thing is to win the war.

In addressing the hospital patients, the President said:

This place is a good deal like home. I landed about 10 days ago. This is the nearest thing to the United States I have seen yet.

The President said of plans for a warless world:

I think that is worth fighting for, even being sick for, in Iran.

104

Völkischer Beobachter (December 8, 1943)

Das klägliche Ergebnis von Teheran –
Ein Dokument widerwärtigster Heuchelei

Weltsklaverei als Ziel der drei großen Räuber

vb. Wien, 7. Dezember –
Mit einem Stimmenaufwand ohnegleichen, als die größte Sensation des Krieges angekündigt, hat die Konferenz von Teheran mit einem phrasenhaften Kommuniqué ihren Abschluß gefunden. Nachdem Stalin sich vier Tage mit seinen Kumpanen Churchill und Roosevelt, die er gebieterisch herankommandiert hatte, verhandelt hat, sind fünf Tage und fünf Nächte verflossen, bis diese Verlautbarung formuliert war. Sie verrät denn auch nach Inhalt und Form alle Verlegenheiten, die zur Abhaltung dieser Konferenz zwangen. Die Bluffkonferenz schloß also mit einem Bluffkommuniqué, das in seinen Formulierungen weit unbestimmter ist, als die Verlautbarungen, die nach den Konferenzen von Casablanca und Moskau herausgegeben wurden. Sie ist mit einem Wort ein Wunschzettel, den nun die feindliche Agitation schon als einen durchschlagenden Erfolg sich ins Bewußtsein der Völker einprägen möchte. Auf den geplanten Aufruf an das deutsche Volk und seine Verbündeten hat man wohlweislich verzichtet, da man sich doch Rechenschaft davon geben mußte, wie völlig wirkungslos ein solcher Roßtäuschertrick angesichts der unbeugsamen Entschlossenheit Deutschlands sein müsse.

Das äußere Bild dieser, Konferenz war dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie in der Hauptstadt eines unglücklichen Landes stattfand, das die Sowjets und Briten gemeinsam unterjocht haben, und dadurch, daß die GPU die wesentlichsten Teilnehmer an den Besprechungen in der Teheraner Botschaft aufs strengste zu bewachen hatte.

Den Beobachtern erschien es, als ob Stalin die Konferenz beherrschte. Seine Stimmung wechselte von lebhafter Vergnügtheit an nächtlichen Festtafeln zu Augenblicken undurchsichtiger Gefühllosigkeit.

So schildert ein Reuters-Bericht nicht übel das Wesen dieser Konferenz, die im wesentlichen nur die Wünsche Stalins zu befriedigen hatte, und in der besonders Churchill nur noch die Rolle eines Mitläufers spielte.

Nur 44 Zeilen umfaßt das Kommuniqué, das zunächst zum soundsovielten Male die „Entschlossenheit bekundet, daß unsere Nationen im Krieg und dem darauffolgenden Frieden Zusammenarbeiten sollen.“ Daß dann weiter zeitlich festgelegte Operationen in allen Richtungen der Windrose angekündigt werden, mit dem Ziel einer „Vernichtung der deutschen Streitkräfte,“ besagt angesichts der bestehenden Kriegslage sehr wenig, den Wunsch nach einem Sieg haben die Teilhaber der Raubkoalition schon bei all den zahlreichen vorangegangenen Konferenzen immer wieder geäußert und schließlich haben sie den Krieg ja auch entfesselt, um dies Ziel zu erreichen, ohne es trotz der stärksten Anstrengungen verwirklichen zu können. Daß sie« es jetzt wieder obenan auf ihren Wunschzettel setzen, rechtfertigt in keiner Weise die bombastischen Behauptungen, ihr gemeinsames Einverständnis „verbürge den Sieg.“

Wie dieses Ziel unerreichbar vor ihnen liegt, so steht es auch mit dem sogenannten „dauerhaften Frieden,“ über dessen Wesen die Völker der Erde nach den aufschlußreichen Bekundungen der bolschewistischen und amerikanischen Weltherrschaftspläne schon besser im Bilde sind, als dies den Spießgesellen von Teheran lieb sein kann.

Grotesk und lächerlich

Es ist jedenfalls eine groteske Selbsttäuschung, wenn sich diese Burschen einbilden, ihre Absicht, die Welt zu bolschewisieren oder plutokratischer Ausbeutung zu unterwerfen, werde „von der überwältigenden Masse der Bevölkerung der Welt mit Bereitwilligkeit aufgenommen,“ und daß diese erbarmungslose Diktatur des Goldes oder der GPU „den Fluch und den Schrecken des Krieges auf viele Generationen hinaus beseitigen wird.“ Wären sie ernstlich dieser Ansicht, so würden nicht führende Männer Englands und Amerikas bei jeder Gelegenheit erzittern, man müsse nach dem Krieg eine ungleich stärkere Rüstung betreiben als vor 1939, eine Tatsache, zu der das fortgesetzte Heraufbeschwören des Gespenstes eines dritten Weltkrieges allerdings vorzüglich paßt.

Es ist daher von einer vollendeten Lächerlichkeit, wenn die drei großen Räuber sich so gebärden, als ob sie den Sieg sicher in der Tasche hätten, und irgendwie über einen geschichtlichen Auftrag verfügten, allen Völkern ihr Joch aufzuerlegen. Wo sie zum Zug kommen konnten, haben sie schon zur Genüge bewiesen, was hinter ihren öligen Phrasen von Freiheit und Wohlfahrt steckt. Davon konnte nicht zuletzt Iran ein Lied singen und mit ihm die ganzen Länder des nahen Ostens, Indien, die Kolonialvölker des Empire, die mit deutlicher Annektionsabsicht besetzten französischen Kolonien und jene kleinen Völker Europas, denen gegenüber England seine feierlichen Garantieverpflichtungen nicht einlöste und die es heute widerstandslos an die Sowjets auszuliefern bereit ist.

Es ist ja kein Zufall, daß gerade am Abschluß der Teheraner Konferenz die Preisgabe der serbischen Emigrantenregierung zugunsten des bolschewistischen Partisanenhäuptlings Tito steht und Stalins Leiborgan eindeutig feststellt, daß die Sowjets nur die polnischen Partisanen anerkennen, die auf Moskaus Weisung hinarbeiten und dafür belobt werden, daß sie jene Partisanen umbringen, die vom Londoner Polenausschuß dirigiert werden.

Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt ist es zu bewerten, wenn das Kommuniqué mit den folgenden Sätzen eine beispiellose dreiste Verfälschung der Tatsachen versucht:

Wir werden die Mitarbeit und die aktive Teilnahme aller Nationen suchen, sobald ihre Bevölkerungen der Beseitigung der Tyrannei, der Sklaverei, der Unterdrückung und der Intoleranz ergeben sind, wie dies bei unseren eigenen Völkern der Fall ist.

Wir haben bereits die „eigenen Völker“ angeführt, die die Ausführung dieser edlen Grundsätze am eigenen Leib zu verspüren hatten. Zu ihnen treten aber auch in hohem Maße die Bürger Englands, der USA und der Sowjetunion selbst.

Stalin markiert also Abscheu vor Sklaverei, Tyrannei, Unterdrückung und Intoleranz! Wir sind ja von den Bolschewisten allerhand gewöhnt, aber diese Frechheit übersteigt wohl selbst das Begriffsvermögen der weitaus meisten Untertanen jener Länder, deren Machthaber sich zu der Bekundung dieser ungeheuren Heuchelei in Teheran eingefunden haben. Mit heller Begeisterung werden wahrscheinlich die 18 Millionen Sklaven in den Zwangsarbeitslagern der GPU diesen frommen Sprüchen lauschen, von denen ja auch die 25 Millionen nicht wieder erwachen, die der Bolschewismus durch Genickschuß oder Hungersnöte hingemordet hat, und auch nicht die polnischen Offiziere, die im Wald von Katyn abgeschlachtet wurden.

Daß aber Roosevelt und Churchill ihre Unterschriften unter diese widerwärtige und verlogene Fälschung geschichtsnotorischer Tatsachen gesetzt haben, ist weiter nicht überraschend, denn die Ideale, zu denen sich diese drei Gangster bekannt haben, stehen ja auch unter dem Union Jack und dem Sternenbanner weithin nur auf dem Papier, ganz abgesehen davon, daß man in London und Washington geradezu in einen Begeisterungstaumel geriet, als Stalin seine Absicht bekanntgab, nach dem Kriege viele Millionen Deutsche als todgeweihte Arbeitssklaven nach Sibirien zu verfrachten.

Was bedeutete es auch weiter als Unterdrückung und Intoleranz, wenn vier Fünftel der Amerikaner in einen Krieg ziehen mußten, von dem sie nichts wissen wollten und in den sie Roosevelts persönliche Politik hineingehetzt hat? Man hat es mit Toleranz zu tun, wenn Plutokraten und Bolschewisten drei grüßen Völkern dieser Erde vorschreiben wollen, welchen Lebensstil und welche Regierungsform sie haben sollen? Die Worte Sklaverei und Tyrannei nehmen jene Leute auch besser nicht in den Mund, die in ihren eigenen Ländern den schaffenden Menschen nur die fragwürdige Freiheit lassen, durch Massenarbeitslosigkeit hinzusiechen, in Slums zu verkommen und unter sozialen Zuständen zu leben, die so unerträglich sind, daß die Churchill und Roosevelt den Krieg entfesselten, um die Aufmerksamkeit von diesem Skandal abzulenken.

Kannibalismus und Verantwortungslosigkeit

Der Kannibalismus Stalins und die soziale Verantwortungslosigkeit seiner plutokratischen Spießgesellen lassen unschwer erahnen, was von ihren Verheißungen in Teheran zu erwarten Wäre, wenn sie in die Lage kämen, nach ihrem Belieben zu verfahren. Sie versprechen den Völkern der Welt mit eiserner Stirn, sie würden „unberührt von der Tyrannei und in Übereinstimmung mit ihren eigenen verschiedenen Wünschen und ihrem eigenen Gewissen ein freies Leben führen können.“ Das geschieht im gleichen Augenblick, da man in England und Amerika unterstreicht, daß selbstverständlich die Sowjetgrenze von 1941 wiederhergestellt werden müßte, womit die Karelier, die baltischen Völker, die Bewohner Ostpolens und Bessarabiens wieder unter die grausame Tyrannei gebeugt würden, die sie schon einmal erleben mußten, ehe die deutschen Waffen die Bolschewisten dort verjagten. Weit über diese Sowjetgrenze hinaus aber würde Land für Land unter das Sowjetjoch gebeugt werden, wenn sich die Wünsche der drei großen Banditen von Teheran verwirklichen ließen.

Wir glauben ihnen gerne, wenn sie versichern, sie hatten Teheran „verlassen als Freunde, zur Tat, im Geiste und in unserem Vorhaben geeint.“ An dieser Geistesverwandtschaft und an dem Willen, alle freien Völker der Erde zu versklaven, haben wir nie gezweifelt. Zwischen den unsauberen Wünschen dieser drei. Tyrannen und der Verwirklichung ihrer mörderischen Pläne steht aber das deutsche Schwert und die Kraft der Verbündeten des Reiches, steht die Willensmacht aller Völker, die einen wirklichen Frieden in Freiheit, Würde und Arbeit erstreben und niemals dulden werden, daß sie zur Beute des Bolschewismus und der Wall-Street-Juden werden.

Sobald die Todfeinde Europas und Ostasiens zu dem Waffengang antreten sollten, von dem sie sich so viel versprechen, werden sie sehr schnell merken, wie die Dinge in Wirklichkeit aussehen. Von ihren persischen Luftschlössern wird dann nichts mehr übrigbleiben. Das Kommuniqué aber, das Stalin seinen Bundesgenossen in die Feder diktierte, wird für alle Zeit als ein Meisterstück widerwärtigster Verlogenheit in die Geschichte eingehen. Wenn sich nach der Gepflogenheit des Raubbundes dann schon wieder eine Konferenz als nötig erweist, wird sie sich mit ganz anderen Problemen zu befassen haben, als mit prahlerischen Voraussagen und faulen Nachkriegsplänen und jenen Kautschukformeln, die alles erdenkliche Glück verheißen und deren Ausführung Stalin schon in gewohnter Weise besorgen würde.

Wir sehen dieser Kraftprobe im Gefühl unserer Stärke und inneren Entschlossenheit und in der Gewißheit unseres Sieges ruhig ins Auge und sind im übrigen der Überzeugung, daß auch kein anderes Volk, das noch über einen Funken politischen Instinkts verfügt, sich in seiner Beurteilung der Kriegslage irgendwie durch die agitatorischen Phrasen des Teheraner Kommuniqués beirren lassen kann, das nur der Verschleierung eines Fiaskos dient und wirkliches Kraftbewußtsein lediglich durch öde Kraftmeierei ersetzt.