The Battle of Skerki Bank was an engagement during the Second World War which took place near Skerki Bank in the Mediterranean Sea in the early hours of 2 December 1942. Force Q a flotilla of Royal Navy cruisers and destroyers attacked Axis Convoy H, an Italian convoy and its Regia Marina escort of destroyers and torpedo boats.
Force Q sank the four Italian merchant ships and one of the escorting destroyers in exchange for minor splinter damage. Force Q was attacked by Luftwaffe torpedo bombers at 06:30 on 3 December, sinking the destroyer HMS Quentin with one torpedo and damaging the destroyer HMS Quiberon. The battle was the first and most significant success for Force Q.
Italian destroyer Nicoloso De Recco
Force Q
Soon after the beginning of Operation Torch, the Allied commanders began to make arrangements to intensify the offensive against the Axis supply route from Italy to Tunis and Bizerta in Tunisia. On 30 November, once Allied fighter cover could give sufficient protection, Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet Force Q was based at BĂ´ne, a port on the north-east Algerian coast, not far from the Tunisian border. Force Q (Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt) consisted of the light cruisers HMS Aurora (flagship), HMS Argonaut and HMS Sirius with the destroyers HMS Quentin and HMAS Quiberon.
Convoy H
Axis Convoy H comprised the German transport KT-1 (850 gross register tons [GRT]), Aventino (3,794 GRT), Puccini (2,422 GRT) and the converted ferry Aspromonte (976 GRT). The ships were carrying reinforcements to Africa, which included 1,766 troops, 698 long tons (709 t) of cargo (mainly ammunition), four tanks, 32 other vehicles and twelve artillery pieces. The escort was commanded by Italian Captain Aldo Cocchia in the destroyer Nicoloso da Recco (flagship, also Da Recco) with Camicia Nera, Folgore, the Spica-class torpedo boat Clio and the Orsa-class torpedo boat Procione.
On 1 December, Force Q sailed to attack Axis shipping on the convoy route from Trapani in Sicily to Tunis. Four convoys were at sea, comprising thirteen merchantmen escorted by seven destroyers and twelve torpedo boats. Three convoys were ordered to return after being spotted by British reconnaissance aircraft but Convoy H continued towards Tunis. The convoy was overflown by aircraft during the night of 1/2 December and flares marked the course of the ships; at 00:30 Force Q picked up the Italian ships on radar, 60 nmi (69 mi; 110 km) north-east of Bizerta.
Cocchia sent Procione ahead to sweep for mines. Supermarina had emphasised the importance of the convoy keeping in close formation but realising that hostile ships were in the area, Cocchia ordered the convoy to make a 90° turn south south-east at 00:01. At 00:17 Cocchia ordered a turn to west south-west; the convoy should have doglegged 3 nmi (3.5 mi; 5.6 km) to the south, which was close as was prudent to unmarked minefields. The convoy lost formation because Italian destroyer Puccini missed the turn order and rammed Aspromonte; KT 1, which had no wireless, failed to follow Puccini and strayed to the north-west.
Royal Navy cruiser HMS Aurora
Skerki Bank
Battle
At 00:27, Force Q, sailing at 20 kn (23 mph; 37 km/h), reached the convoy. Italian destroyer De Recco was on a west south-west course, ahead of Aventino, Clio and Aspromonte. Puccini and Folgore were side by side, 6,000 yd (3.0 nmi; 3.4 mi; 5.5 km) behind De Recco, heading south south-west; Camicia Nera was 3,000 yd (1.5 nmi; 1.7 mi; 2.7 km) to the north of Puccini and Procione was minesweeping 6,000 yd (3.0 nmi; 3.4 mi; 5.5 km) south of De Recco, all heading west south-west.
Force Q approached with light cruiser HMS Aurora leading, followed by HMS Sirius, HMS Argonaut, HMS Quiberon and HMS Quentin; at 00:38, 1,800 yd (1,600 m) distant, the leading ships fired on KT 1 which exploded. HMS Argonaut and HMS Quiberon opened fire on Procione (or De Recco) as Cocchia ordered the escorts to attack. Force Q went around the hulk of KT 1 and HMS Argonaut fired and launched a torpedo at KT 1, then at 00:39 Argonaut sailed to the north-east to what turned out to be a false contact. After a couple of minutes, HMS Argonaut fired at Camicia Nera as it advanced to the attack, HMS Aurora also firing at the destroyer, under the impression that it was a merchant ship. Camicia Nera turned and launched six torpedoes in two minutes from 00:43 at 2,200 yd (1.1 nmi; 1.3 mi; 2.0 km) range then turned north, amidst shell splashes. Aspromonte was 900 yd (0.44 nmi; 0.51 mi; 0.82 km) to the left of Aurora and Aventino 4,000 yd (2.0 nmi; 2.3 mi; 3.7 km) away. HMS Argonaut was also preparing to fire on Aventino as HMS Sirius fired on Folgore and Clio.
Folgore had attacked before receiving Cocchia’s order and at 00:47 fired three torpedoes to port at HMS Aurora, at a range underestimated at 1,500 yd (0.74 nmi; 0.85 mi; 1.4 km) and turned away. HMS Sirius caught an Italian freighter in one of its searchlights and at 00:50 Folgore turned tightly to port and fired its last three torpedoes at the searchlight; the torpedoes missed but two hits were claimed by mistake. Folgore made to the south-west at 27 kn (31 mph; 50 km/h) but at 00:52 it was hit by nine shells from HMD Argonaut causing severe flooding and a large fire. Folgore listed by 20° and capsized at 01:16. When the British attack began, Procione tangled its paravane and failed to sight HMS Sirius until it had closed to 2,000 yd (0.99 nmi; 1.1 mi; 1.8 km) on the starboard side and opened fire at 00:53. The shells killed the forward gun crew and the captain took evasive action then headed towards the south-west. Clio began to make smoke, firing at searchlights and gun flashes and De Recco tried to make a torpedo attack.
At 00:55 HMS Quiberon broke formation to attack Clio, was bracketed by return fire. HMS Sirius and HMS Argonaut were firing on Puccini and at 00:58, HMS Argonaut fired a torpedo at Puccini then one to port soon after at Aventino which was on fire. At 01:12 HMS Sirius also launched a torpedo at Aventino which exploded and sank. At 01:16 HMS Quiberon sailed through water full of survivors and attacked Puccini and at 01:12 HMS Quentin followed HMS Quiberon, both destroyers setting Puccini on fire; HMS Aurora was engaging Aspromonte from 80,000 yd (39 nmi; 45 mi; 73 km) which began to sink; the British cruisers changed target to Clio but after five minutes Clio escaped without damage. De Recco had got within 4,500 yd (2.2 nmi; 2.6 mi; 4.1 km) of Force Q by 01:30 and launched torpedoes which missed; shell hits from HMS Sirius, HMS Quiberon and HMS Quentin return fire killed 118 members of the crew and left De Recco stopped in the water, eventually to be towed to port by Pigafetta. The British ships completed their circuit around the Italian ships and set course for BĂ´ne. Force Q was attacked by Luftwaffe torpedo bombers at 06:30 on 3 December, sinking HMS Quentin with one torpedo and damaging HMS Quiberon
Aftermath
Analysis
In 1966 the British official historians wrote that Force Q has a “spectacular success”; in an hour, Force Q had sunk 7,800 long tons (7,900 t) of shipping during a “one-sided engagement” for no damage. Just after dawn, as Force Q was on the return journey to Bône, HMS Quentin was sunk by a German torpedo bomber. In 2009, Vincent O’Hara wrote that the battle was a serious Italian defeat, in which a large escort force had failed to prevent the four supply ships from being sunk. The minor damage inflicted by the Italian ships on their opponents stood in stark contrast, despite the convoy escorts managing launch so many torpedoes at such close range. The convoy had been attacked while disorganised and could not achieve a co-ordinated reply. After more than two years of war, the Regia Marina was still incapable the accurate aiming of torpedoes at night, partly because Supermarina accepted claims of torpedo hits uncritically, which obscured the significance of the failing.
Casualties
Of the four freighters of Axis Convoy H, three were sunk and one scuttled; Italian escort Folgore was also sunk. Two other Italian escort destroyers were badly damaged. Two hundred members of the merchant and Regia Marina crews and 1,527 troops, embarked on Aventino and Puccini were killed. The crew of Folgore suffered 126 casualties, Nicoloso da Recco 118, Aspromonte 39, Procione three. The British ships had minor splinter damage but lost HMS Quentin to a torpedo bomber on the return journey to BĂ´ne.
Subsequent operations
At 16:00 the 14th Destroyer Flotilla, from Force K, comprising HMS Jervis, HMS Javelin, HMS Nubian and HMS Kelvin sailed from Malta, untroubled by Axis aircraft, to attack Axis Convoy C, Italian merchant ships Veloce and Chisone en route for Tripoli, escorted by the torpedo boats Ardente, Aretusa and Lupo. Near the Kerkenah Banks, Fairey Albacore torpedo bomber aircraft of Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm torpedoed Veloce, which was carrying benzene and caught fire, burning brightly ,later sank. Force K sailed towards the illumination as Lupo prepared to take on survivors and the rest of the convoy hugged the coast. Jervis lit up Lupo with a searchlight and opened fire at 2,000 yd (0.99 nmi; 1.1 mi; 1.8 km) surprising the Italian torpedo boat and destroying the bridge. The rest of the flotilla joined in and Lupo was unable to reply, all but twelve of the crew being killed and sank. The rest of the Axis convoy stole away into the shallow water of the Kerkenah Banks