Election 1944: Pre-convention news

[NormanStewart]

Editorial: Dewey speaks out

Whether Governor Dewey will or will not be a presidential candidate, his Lincoln Day address stated the issue of the coming campaign.

That is restoration of the spirit of constitutional government, which preserves separation of powers of the coordinate branches of the federal government and reserves the function of the states.

We cannot return to horse-and-buggy administration in an air age. But not even the most efficient and honest national administration could solve our problems without virile local government and self-reliant citizens. Rule from the top is not representative government. There is either democracy at the bottom, or there is no democracy.

The dangerous trend of the past 11 years has been the near-abdication of the states, and the willingness of the people to look to Washington instead of to themselves for solutions. The great promise of the future is that Americans are now turning away from that reliance upon an all-powerful Washington run by one man.

But there still are some who think return to more representative government should be postponed until after the war, and until after the peace is made. Governor Dewey answered that argument. He showed how the recent strengthening of state government in New York and elsewhere has advanced the war effort and prepared for the post-war period.

In the field of foreign affairs, a return to balanced representative government is essential. Even if President Roosevelt were the sole source of wisdom and leadership – and he is hardly that, or he would not have left leadership for post-war international cooperation to the Republican Mackinac conference – there could be no effective American foreign policy without Congressional participation and ratification.

Mr. Roosevelt has not been able to provide that cooperation with Congress. Americans are aware of the cost of that failure. As Mr. Dewey put it:

They know that with a self-willed executive who wars at every turn with Congress, they will have a repetition of the same catastrophe which happened in 1919.

[NormanStewart]

The Pittsburgh Press (February 15, 1944)

Democratic Party loses House numerical majority

Republicans in 5 states press for byelections to capitalize on GOP trend
By Lyle C. Wilson, United Press staff writer

Washington –
Democratic membership in the House again has fallen below a numerical majority and Republicans in five states are pressing for byelections to capitalize the trend toward the GOP.

The five states are those with Congressional vacancies. The latest is in Illinois’ 7th district, a thickly populated Cook County constituency in the political domain of Chicago Mayor Edward J. Kelly.

Rep. Leonard W. Schuetz, a Democrat who represented that district, died here Sunday, reducing the Democratic membership of the House from 218, a bare numerical majority, to 217, which is just below the majority line.

The Democrats fell to 217 once previously in this Congress but had just received their 218th seat again last week in a special election to fill the vacancy created by the death of Rep. Henry B. Steagall (D-AL).

4 held by Democrats

Of the five vacancies now existing, four are for seats formerly held by Democrats. They are those of Mr. Schuetz and of the late Lawrence Lewis (D-CO), Joseph A. Gavagan (D-NY) and Jack Nichols (D-OK), both of whom resigned. The fifth vacancy was created by the death of Rep. William H. Wheat (R-IL).

If and when byelections are held, Republicans might take all five seats. Mr. Gavagan’s district in New York City is probably the safest for the Democrats. Mr. Nichols’ Oklahoma district will send a Republican or a staunchly anti-New Deal Democrat to the House, according to reports from there.

GOP confident

Republicans are confident they can carry Mr. Lewis’ Colorado district despite the fact that it lies in Denver and the Democrats uniformly find their greatest strength outside the South in urban communities.

Mayor Kelly’s Cook Country machine is formidable. But even there the Republicans believe they have a better than even chance to pick up a seat. Mr. Schuetz won in 1942 by only 2,000 votes of 257,000 cast. That margin is so slim that the slightest thing could reverse it.

Oregon man named Willkie manager

Portland, Oregon (UP) –
Wendell L. Willkie, Republican candidate for President in 1940, officially threw his hat in the ring last night and announced his candidacy for the GOP nomination, naming Ralph H. Cake, national committeeman from Oregon, as his pre-convention manager.

Mr. Willkie also named Mrs. Frank Reynolds, national committeewoman from Indiana and a former treasurer of the Hoosier state, as head of the women’s organization and promised as “active and intensive campaign would be waged in every state where a primary contest developed.”

Campaign workers would be organized in all states, he added.

His candidacy would probably be no surprise, Mr. Willkie explained, since he had already announced his entrance in the primaries in Nebraska, Wisconsin and Oregon.

The Republican Party must demonstrate through its platform that the “war can be brought to a conclusion, or can be fought effectively, or more effectively” with a change in administration, he said and that:

It has a better comprehension and understanding of domestic, economic and social questions and can handle the adjustments with which the United States will be confronted when the war is over.

Wallace urges people’s peace

Minneapolis, Minnesota (UP) –
“In the peace to come, the New Deal will not be dead,” Vice President Henry A. Wallace declared last night, “but if it is dead, the Democratic Party will be dead, and well dead.”

The Democratic Party is the people’s party, Mr. Wallace told a mass meeting at the Minneapolis Auditorium.

The war, he said, is a people’s war and the peace must be a people’s peace.

Mr. Wallace added:

By looking toward peace, the farmers, workers and soldiers will increase, not diminish the intensity of our all-out war effort.

Mr. Wallace urged the adoption of post-war policies which would give greater industrial, economic and agricultural strength to the West and South where the “ten million poorest people live.”

Earlier in the day, Mr. Wallace made a plea for continued support of the Roosevelt administration and told leaders of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties that:

If Mr. Roosevelt is elected again, he will be helpless unless you send Congressmen to support his administration.

He said:

It is not fair to allow a fine progressive President to be left in a position to kowtow to a conservative crowd.

Retain Democrats, Truman pleads

Jacksonville, Florida (UP) –
Senator Harry S. Truman (D-MO), describing the coming national election as the most important in history, said last night that a Republican victory could affect adversely the progress of the war.

Mr. Truman said at a Jackson Day dinner here:

Democratic defeat at the polls this year could hamper, delay, and confuse the conduct of the war and imperil the peace.

[NormanStewart]

Editorial: Snails and soldier ballots

Since Congress has wasted so much time playing politics with the soldier vote bill, the last the Senate and House conferees can do is to arrive at their compromise quickly. There is no excuse for more delay. There is a very practical reason for speed.

Whatever the nature of the final measure may be, one thing is certain. The states will have to pass upon and count the ballots. This will be true whether the so-called states’ rights bill of the House is accepted, or the Senate-modified federal ballot bill, or the more probable adjustment of the two.

But the rub is that many states are not geared for this responsibility. Not only changes in state laws are required, but in some cases state constitutions must be modified to make such mass absentee voting practicable. This takes time.

Meanwhile, several governors take the position that they cannot call their legislatures into special session and otherwise start the involved technical preparations for a changeover until they know definitely the scope and requirements of the federal law. So further delay by Congress easily might defeat the purpose of the law by making state compliance impossible in the relatively short time remaining.

Nobody is in any doubt as to where the American public and the servicemen stand on this issue. The demand that the men doing our fighting for us be allowed to vote is virtually unanimous – as members of Congress discovered when they went home for the recent recess.

The point for the politicians to remember is that pious motions and slick parliamentary jokers will not be acceptable to the public this time. Here is one case in which only results will count. If the fighting men are disenfranchised, come November, they and their families and friends and all believers in democracy will hold the politicians responsible. Excuses will not help.

[NormanStewart]

The Pittsburgh Press (February 16, 1944)

Soldier vote foe confident

Washington (UP) –
Rep, John E. Rankin (D-MS) said today there is “no question” but that Senate and House conferees on the soldier vote, scheduled to meet for the first time tomorrow, will agree on a state ballot proposal for absentee voting by members of the Armed Forces.

Mr. Rankin said House members of the conference committee voted 3–2 yesterday in favor of the state ballot and that “we are going to stand pat on that.”

Rep. Karl M. LeCompte (R-IA), another member of the conference committee, said he did not believe “the House is in any humor to accept a conference report for anything but a state ballot.”

[NormanStewart]

Will Rogers Jr. to forsake Congress for the Army

Culver City, California (UP) –
Congressman Will Rogers Jr. publicly announced he would not be a candidate for reelection to the House of Representatives in November.

Mr. Rogers made his statement at a meeting of Democratic Party leaders in his 16th Congressional district.

Political sources assumed the 32-year-old son of the late humorist would return to the Army, where he holds a commission as second lieutenant in the artillery. He entered the Army as a private in June 1942, and was elected the same year.

[NormanStewart]

Background of news –
‘Cut and dried’ convention

By Jay G. Hayden, North American Newspaper Alliance

Washington –
An outright declaration by President Roosevelt of his fourth-term candidacy scarcely could have been more conclusive of his intention than the announcement that the Democratic National Convention will open July 19 – on a Wednesday, instead of the usual Monday.

Completion within the week of a convention begun on Wednesday is possible only if its action as respects both candidates and platform is cut and dried in advance. And underlying antagonism among Democrats is so marked that it is doubtful if they could agree within a month on anything excepting the inevitability of another ride on Mr. Roosevelt’s bandwagon.

The reason for the short convention decision goes back to the period, Monday to Friday inclusive, when the Roosevelt-Wallace third-term slate was in the making. Probably Mr. Roosevelt has never spent a more irksome five days than those.

The trouble then was that while President Roosevelt clearly had the votes, James A. Farley, bitterly opposed to the third term, was still chairman of the National Committee and he had entered into a contract with Chicago hotel men to string the convention out at least until after Thursday midnight.

‘Draft’ pretense maintained

The design of Mr. Roosevelt’s managers was to keep both him and his choice for Vice President under blankets until the last possible moment, in order to give the appearance of a spontaneous draft.

In consonance with this plan, it couldn’t be admitted that there were any authorized spokesmen for Mr. Roosevelt in town. Harry Hopkins and the then Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, who actually functioned in that capacity, spent their first four days in Chicago dodging newspaper reporters.

Meanwhile, the anti-Roosevelt leaders were monopolizing the headlines. Mr. Farley was holding press conferences twice daily. His strategy was to admit that the President could have the nomination if he insisted, but to point out at the same time that there were a great many Democrats, including himself, who could not stand for this desertion of the two-term tradition.

Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana coincidentally pressed his fight for an anti-war plank, until the administration leaders shut him up by accepting his prescription that:

We will not participate in foreign wars, and we will not send our Army, naval or air forces to fight in foreign lands outside the Americas, except in case of attack.

Bitter fight over Wallace

The one widely publicized variation from this anti-third-term clamor may have annoyed Mr. Roosevelt most of all. It came when a straw boss from Mayor Ed Kelly’s Chicago sewer department rigged up a microphone in the convention basement, from which he interrupted radio transmission of the formal proceedings with intermittent roars of “We want Roosevelt.”

The grand climax came when Mr. Roosevelt’s speech of acceptance, timed for the convention’s final hour, was held off until long past midnight by a bitter rebellion against the White House-chosen candidate for Vice President, Henry A. Wallace.

This year, as indicated by the short-convention announcement, no time is to be allowed for any such opposition foolishness.

President Roosevelt a year or more ago broached the idea of a short wartime campaign, brought about by postponement of presidential nominations until September or even early October. The federal ballot, proposed in the administration soldier-vote bills, fitted this idea in that it was completely devoid of names.

When the House defeated this plan and excluded voting except by names of the candidates, it became imperative that the Democratic presidential nomination be made known no later than the first day of August.

[NormanStewart]

The Pittsburgh Press (February 17, 1944)

Background of news –
Convention dark horses

By Bertram Benedict, editorial research reports

Last week, Governor Bricker of Ohio, avowed candidate for the Republican presidential nomination, went to Washington to deliver two speeches and to be interrogated by newspapermen.

Not even the most ardent Bricker men maintain that he will lead on the first ballot at the convention. That position will probably go to Governor Dewey, unless he flatly declines to be considered or unless Wendell L. Willkie gets more support than he has at present from Republican leaders.

All of which brings up the question of how “dark horses” usually fare at the national nominating conventions.

A dark horse is not necessarily any candidate who is not in the lead on the first ballot. In 1940, Mr. Willkie could hardly have been called a dark horse, for on the first ballot he ranked third, with more than 10% of the total votes. In 1920, Governor Cox of Ohio was hardly a dark horse, for on the first ballot he ranked third, with 12% of the votes, while no candidate had as much as 25%.

Cox loses, then regains, lead

Mr. Cox had the almost unprecedented experience of regaining the lead after losing it. He went ahead on the 22nd ballot, with 40% of the votes, to 34% for McAdoo, but by the 30th ballot, McAdoo was in front once more, only to lose out.

In 1920, Senator Harding of Ohio was certainly a dark horse. On the first ballot at the Republican convention, he ranked sixth, with only 4% of the votes. More than one-half of the Harding votes came from his own state. And on the following three ballots, Harding’s vote was lower than on the first three ballots. Even on the eighth ballot, Harding had less than 15% of the votes; he jumped into the lead on the ninth ballot, and was nominated on the tenth.

John W. Davis in 1924 must also be considered a dark horse. On the first ballot at the Democratic convention in New York, he had only 3% of the votes, while McAdoo had 39% and Smith 22%. On the fifth ballot, when McAdoo had 40% and Smith 24%, Davis had only 5%. Davis was not nominated until the 103rd ballot, after the McAdoo and Smith forces had cancelled each other out.

Incumbents have edge

An incumbent President can usually control the party machinery sufficiently to get a renomination, if he wants it. That was true even in 1912, when the primaries showed an overwhelming preference of the Republican voters for ex-President Roosevelt over President Taft. There have been, in the 20th century, 14 major party nominating conventions in which an incumbent President was not again a candidate.

In only two of these 14 conventions did the nomination go to a dark horse – Harding in 1920, Davis in 1924.

In seven of these 14 conventions, the nomination went on the first ballot to the leading candidate – Landon in 1936 (unanimously), Hoover in 1928, Smith in 1928 (after shifts before a second ballot was called for), Bryan in 1908, Taft in 1908, Parker in 1904 (after shifts), Bryan in 1900.

In two of these 14 conventions, the leading candidate on the first ballot was named soon thereafter – Roosevelt in 1932 (on the fourth ballot; needing 66⅔ percent, he had 60½ percent on the first), Hughes in 1916.

In three of these 14 conventions, the second or third man on the first ballot was finally nominated – Willkie in 1940 (on the sixth ballot), Cox in 1920 (on the 44th ballot) and Wilson in 1912 (on the 46th ballot).

[NormanStewart]

The Pittsburgh Press (February 18, 1944)

Soldier vote plans

Washington (UP) –
A meeting of Senate-House conferees today produced three proposals for a compromise path out of the complicated tangle over the soldier-vote bill.

Senator Tom Connally (D-TX) suggested that candidates for state office be printed on the federal war ballot form. Rep. Harris Ellsworth (R-OR) suggested authorizing a supplemental federal ballot in cases where the soldier voter could not get the state ballot. Chairman Theodore F. Green (D-RI), of the Senate Privileges and Elections Committee, offered an entirely new bill, which gives the same priority to both state and federal ballots.

[NormanStewart]

Edson: Old Dr. New Deal changes his name to Dr. New Peace

By Peter Edson

Washington –
You may well watch for the emergence of something that might be called “the New Peace” as successor to “the New Deal.”

President Roosevelt, in his now-famous aside to Dilworth Lupton of The Cleveland Press, just before Christmas, indicated that the New Deal slogan was outmoded and that something like “Win-the-War” would be more appropriate. A month later, Vice President Wallace told the Democratic Jackson Day dinner audience that the New Deal was not dead.

All the evidence would seem to indicate that Henry is right, as a look at the record of the last few weeks will show.

When the President was allegorically amplifying on his own views about how old Doctor New Deal had called in young Doctor Win-the-War to cure a sick country, he explained that although the post-war program had not been settled on at all – except in generalities – it was clear that plans must be made now for an expanded economy which will result in more security, more employment, more recreation, more education, more health and better housing for all, so that the conditions of 1932 would not return again.

Program outlined

There, from the President himself, you have the broad outlines of a post-war New Deal which is now being mentioned as “the New Peace” program.

In reality, it would be a successor to the President’s Win-the-War program.

The New Peace program has been dealt with in both the President’s regular message and in his budget message to Congress.

Basis of this New Peace program perhaps is best stated in the “Second Bill of Rights” passage from the President’s message:

The right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation;

The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation;

The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living;

The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad;

The right of every family to a decent home;

The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health;

The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment;

The right to a good education.

Political platform

This eight-point program certainly did not get into the presidential message by accident. It is a ready-made political platform if there ever was one.

Whether it merely restates old ideals or states a new peace program, it does not sound like much of an abandonment of the New Deal. Maybe the label will be dropped as something that no longer garners votes, but that’s all, and into the Second Bill of Rights you can read anything you like or don’t like, from socialized medicine or persecution of big business to social security from cradle to grave.

As if to implement this program, the President in his budget message gave clear indications that he would later ask Congress for appropriations to achieve the objectives of strengthening the U.S. Employment Service, broadening old-age and unemployment insurance coverage, providing public works to relieve post-war unemployment and finally, spreading the benefits of stabilized currencies and international management of trade and the production and distribution of food to the whole world.

The New Deal killed by its pappy? Don’t let them kid you. Henry was right.

[NormanStewart]

Midwest cool to fourth term, Wallace admits

But Vice President adds that he believes Roosevelt will win in November; in doubt on own position
By Lyle C. Wilson, United Press staff writer

Washington –
Vice President Henry A. Wallace, back from a transcontinental renomination campaign trip, reports the Midwest the most dangerous hazard to a fourth term for President Roosevelt.

Mr. Wallace cited that situation to press conference questioners here, but reported that sentiment was improving. He is convinced that the improvement will be such that Mr. Roosevelt will win again next November.

His report on Midwest sentiment substantially conforms with some more independent estimates of the situation there, but the question whether sentiment is swinging back toward the administration is sharply disputed.

Slipping in Farm Belt

The 1942-43 voting record shows the administration slipping in the Farm Belt.

At the press conference, Mr. Wallace for the most part answered the same questions he had been asked as he traveled to the West Coast and back making speeches calculated to make him an indispensable 1944 running mate for Mr. Roosevelt.

He reported a swelling liberal sentiment in general, and especially on the West Coast. He said he thought Mr. Roosevelt would prefer to retire to private life if he consulted his personal desires for comfort.

Retard war effort?

But he explained that Mr. Roosevelt’s retirement would retard the war effort because a new man would require so long to obtain the President’s perspective on the problems of all groups – agriculture, labor and business.

Mr. Wallace said he had been discussing politics with soldiers aboard trains and found them in favor of a fourth term. He represented them as taking the attitude: “Let him run the show and win the war.”

He described himself as “sitting in the lap of the gods,” which was interpreted to mean that Mr. Roosevelt has not told his 1940 ticket mate whether he is to have another fling.

AFL leader praises Willkie, hits Bricker

Washington (UP) –
An AFL spokesman today joined other labor leaders offering campaign advice to the Republicans by coupling praise for Wendell Willkie with criticism of Ohio’s Governor John W. Bricker.

Writing in the AFL News Service, editor Philip Pearl contrasted recent statements by the two Republican presidential aspirants and recommended that the party follow Mr. Willkie’s advice instead of Mr. Bricker’s.

He said Mr. Bricker’s record was “undistinguished by exceptional ability, forceful leadership or brilliant statesmanship” and that Mr. Bricker hade decided to take “a sock at labor” in an attempt to capture headlines in his Washington speech last week recommending legislation to prohibit strikes.

The next day, Mr. Pearl said, Mr. Willkie asserted there was no irrepressible conflict between business and labor and that “no man should be elected President who hated either.” Mr. Pearl interpreted these remarks as a “severe reprimand” to Mr. Bricker.

Martin takes hat from GOP ring

Washington (UP) –
House Republican Leader Joseph W. Martin Jr. (R-MA) today gingerly removed his hat from the presidential ring where it had been tossed by his friends in Congress.

A poll of Republican members favored Mr. Martin as “the most able dark horse” in event of a deadlock over a presidential nominee at the Republican National Convention.

Mr. Martin said:

I appreciate this gesture of good will… but I’m not looking for any more headaches…

[NormanStewart]

Roosevelt dodges fourth-term query

Washington (UP) –
President Roosevelt’s batting average in knocking down inquiries about his fourth-term plans continued perfect today in the face of renewed news conference pitching.

A questioner told the President:

The Vice President says you will be elected in 1944 – do you think he is a very good prophet?

At it again, the President said with a laugh.

The questioner added that Vice President Wallace was “not so sure of himself” as the No. 2 Democratic candidate this year, Mr. Roosevelt chuckled.

Incidentally, Mr. Roosevelt scheduled a luncheon conference today with Mr. Wallace, who returned to Washington from a Western tour yesterday.

[NormanStewart]

The Pittsburgh Press (February 19, 1944)

Soldier vote hopes

Washington (UP) –
The germ of hope for enactment of compromise soldier-vote legislation was kept alive today as states’ rights adherents and federal ballot supporters mulled over three compromise proposals – but it was a feeble germ.

House and Senate conferees were to consider the proposals when they meet again Monday, but there was no indication that the House conferees would back down from their adamant opposition to any form of federal ballot. They voted 3–2 against considering any plan whatsoever.

[NormanStewart]

Editorial: ‘Scarcity economics’

Vice President Henry Wallace is warning the country against the danger of what he terms the “American fascists of Wall Street” who, he contends, believe in “scarcity economics.”

This philosophy of scarcity economics, he adds, must be displaced by a doctrine of “economic abundance.”

But doesn’t Mr. Wallace recall the days, not so long ago, when pigs and cotton were being plowed under in America on grounds that such “scarcity economics” would end the Depression and lead us to prosperity?

And wasn’t that policy of scarcity economics being administered not from Wall Street, but from Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington – through the office of Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace?

Perhaps there is something to the old saying that the memory of man is short-lived.

[NormanStewart]

The Pittsburgh Press (February 21, 1944)

Soldier-vote bill bogs down

Washington (UP) –
Senate-House conferees resumed discussions on the soldier-vote bill today amid reports that the issue was so “hopelessly deadlocked” that an agreement may never be reached.

Senator Carl A. Hatch (D-NM), a Senate conferee, said he and other advocates of the federal war ballot approved by the Senate had made every possible concession to supporters of the state’s-rights plan, but were doubtful that it would help a compromise.

Rep. Harris Ellsworth (R-OR) said the best solution would be to adopt the state’s-rights bill approved by the House to give the states some specific plan on which to work.

[NormanStewart]

Editorial: Where is the plot?

Congressman Rankin of Mississippi, who is the most talkative of the anti-soldier-vote bloc in Congress, says any form of simple, uniform ballot which may be devised for the Army and Navy would be “the greatest fraud ever perpetrated upon the members of our Armed Forces.”

He also claims it “might mark the beginning of the end of constitutional government in America.”

He says:

I realize that is what the Communist Party and its sympathizers want. They want to wipe out the states and set up a system of Sovietized regions.

Mr. Rankin often is tiresome, but seldom even he gets quite so hysterical.

There is no “fraud” in giving the members of the Armed Forces the right and opportunity to vote – providing the system which is adopted is honest and as efficient as circumstances will permit.

By no stretch of the imagination can a simple, uniform ballot, merely because it is set up by Congress, the constitutional representatives of the people, be construed as a threat to constitutional government. On the contrary. What is more constitutional than the right to vote?

As for the attitude of the Communist Party, it is not of consequence in this issue – or any other issue. Establishment of an emergency plan which will enable the Armed Forces to vote while they are overseas fighting a war does not in any manner smack of communism or anything faintly resembling it.

It will not wipe out the states or in any respect interfere with their normal functions. The ballots will be counted, along with the ballots cast by civilians at home, in the home districts of the men and women in the Armed Forces.

The only reason for proposing a simple, uniform ballot, to be provided by Congress, is that it is impossible for the Armed Forces to vote in any strength under existing state laws and it would be impossible for all 48 states to enact, in unison, such a ballot.

If there is any merit in Mr. Rankin’s opposition to legislation which will enable soldiers and sailors to vote, he is not developing it by resorting to such hysterical scare statements.

Mr. Rankin is either seeing something under the bed, or he is hiding something there.

There is no plot nor conspiracy in making it possible for the free citizens of the United States to exercise a right given them by the Constitution.

[NormanStewart]

Background of news –
The farce of presidential primaries

By Bertram Benedict, editorial research reports

With the first of the 1944 presidential preference primaries – in New Hampshire, March 14 – less than a month away, the leading possibilities for the presidential nomination, President Roosevelt and Governor Dewey, are still not avowed candidates. If they continue to disavow active candidacies, the presidential primaries this year will be a farce. In fact, the record shows that the primaries were a farce in 1940 and in 1936.

With only 13 states now holding presidential preferential primaries by law, the results cannot go far toward determining the presidential nominations (in four other states, primaries are optional with the party organizations).

Also, in some of the primaries, delegates will be elected without being pledged to any candidate. In Maryland, Massachusetts, Ohio and South Dakota, a candidate or his official agent must authorize the use of his name before his name or the name of delegates pledged to him can be printed on the ballot.

Roosevelt silent in 1940

In 1940, with President Roosevelt silent on another term up to the very hour of his nomination, he won by default in some of the primaries. That is, his name was printed on the ballot without word from him, or his name was written in, or pro-third-term delegates were elected.

In California, Illinois, Oregon and Wisconsin, a Roosevelt slate defeated a Garner slate, and in New Hampshire, a Roosevelt slate defeated a Farley slate, but in some of these contests the anti-Roosevelt forces did not run the full number of delegates.

In Wisconsin, Vice President Garner won delegates in two districts, and in Massachusetts, the delegates were pledged to James A. Farley in case Mr. Roosevelt did not run.

On the Republican side, the winning candidate, Wendell L. Willkie, was not entered in a single primary. There were real contests in only two primaries – Mr. Dewey won over Senator Vandenberg in Nebraska and Wisconsin. Mr. Dewey was unopposed in Illinois, Maryland and New Jersey.

In Massachusetts, an uninstructed slate defeated the Dewey slate. Senator Taft was unopposed in Ohio, Senator McNary in Oregon. The theoretically uninstructed slate in New Hampshire was actually pledged to Senator Bridges. In California, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, there was no contest.

Some 1940 results

Republican primary results in certain states and votes from those states in the convention were as follows:

ILLINOIS: Dewey got most of the delegates in the primary. Most of them voted for Dewey for three ballots; on the fourth, Taft got a plurality; on the fifth, a majority. The vote on the sixth and final ballot was:

Taft	33
Willkie	24
Dewey	1

MARYLAND: Dewey won the primary, and got all the votes on the first ballot. On the second ballot, four votes broke away to Willkie, who had a majority of the votes on all following ballots.

NEBRASKA: Dewey won the primary. He received all 16 votes on the first ballot, only five on the second; on the fifth, Taft had a majority.

NEW JERSEY: Dewey got most of the delegates in the primary, and had a majority of the votes on the first ballot. On the second, most of the votes went to Willkie.

OHIO: Taft won the primary, got all votes on all ballots.

In 1936, Governor Landon won the Republican primaries in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, South Dakota. In California, Mr. Landon lost to an uninstructed slate. Senator Borah won in Nebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania (no other candidate), West Virginia and Wisconsin. Frank Knox won in Illinois, Mr. Taft in Ohio. At the convention, Mr. Landon’s was the only name placed in nomination.

[NormanStewart]

Democratic 4th term foes bring campaign into open

Ex-Governor Ely of Massachusetts seeks nomination in home state
By Lyle C. Wilson, United Press staff writer

Washington –
Moving boldly in Massachusetts against President Roosevelt’s renomination, anti-New Deal Democrats are out in the open today with their threat to bolt the party if necessary to block a fourth term.

Success of this anti-fourth-term strategy would inevitably obtain election of a Republican President next November.

The Democrats who hope to het Mr. Roosevelt out of the White House are reconciled to that., they seek, primarily. To eliminate the President as party leader and to regain control of the organization foe regular Democrats.

The movement was formally launched in Boston last night with announcement that former Governor Joseph B. Ely was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in that state only. His name will not be entered in other states.

The maneuver frankly was acknowledged to be designed to block a fourth term. The Massachusetts presidential preference primary is on April 25.

Third party planned

The pattern sketched by Mr. Ely’s manager envisages a conservative Democratic bolt, organization of a third party and nomination of a Jeffersonian Democratic presidential and vice-presidential ticket if Mr. Roosevelt is nominated against at Chicago next July.

Mr. Ely led the Alfred E. Smith Stop-Roosevelt movement at the 1932 convention. He participated in the futile 1936 convention of Jeffersonian Democrats in Detroit. He opposed a third term.

Most significantly, the 1944 Stop-Roosevelt movement has cemented roots. Senator David I. Walsh (D-MA) is reliably reported to be backing Mr. Ely. It is in the Senate that any national conservative Democratic movement probably have to be originated.

Somewhat the same strategy has been tried before in half-hearted fashion. Mr. Smith “took a walk” in 1936. It got nowhere.

To succeed this year, it would require bold cooperation in other states and so far, the Stop-Roosevelt movement has been more word than action throughout the country. It is known, however, that former Postmaster General James A. Farley has been hopeful that several Southern and other states would put up favorite-son candidates who would withhold delegate votes from Mr. Roosevelt at the Chicago convention.

Difficult job faced

If enough did so, considerable shine would be removed from the Draft-Roosevelt movement begun here last month by the Democratic National Committee.

To make the plan work, the difficult business of setting up a third party would have to be undertaken in the event of Mr. Roosevelt’s renomination and it should present a ticket which would allay the fears of Southern Democrats at the idea of a bolt.

Senator Ellison D. Smith (D-SC) has already proposed Senator Harry F. Byrd (D-VA) as the ideal candidate of the south for the presidential nomination. Senator Edwin C. Johnson (D-CO) recently proposed that Mr. Roosevelt retire and that the Democrats nominate Gen. George C. Marshall.

There is bitter feeling in the South against the administration on some issues, notably those raised by the President’s Committee on Fair Employment Practices which is endeavoring to give Negroes a better position in industry.

Unrest in North

And there is conservative Democratic unrest in the North and, generally, throughout the country. Vice President Henry A. Wallace, who feels sure Mr. Roosevelt will be reelected this year, has just returned to Washington acknowledging that the Midwest is inclined to be off the reservation.

But against these factors is the unanimous action of the Democratic National Committee last month in urging Mr. Roosevelt to run again. Likewise, the great Democratic political machines in Chicago, New Jersey and New York are whooping it up for a fourth term.

Furthermore, the Democrats have no other candidate who would have a chance to be elected, according to the best judgment of most observers hereabouts.

The opening of the anti-fourth-term campaign, for those reasons, does not throw any great shadow over Mr. Roosevelt’s prospects.

How serious the threat may actually be depends on developments and, for instance, how Mr. Ely and any other anti-Roosevelt candidates run in their own states. It also depends on how real is the threat to form a third party if the President is renominated.

Charles H. McGlue, Mr. Ely’s campaign manager:

It is entirely possible that if Mr. Roosevelt is nominated, the Ely forces would join with other “Jeffersonian Democrats” in the country to nominate a separate slate for President and Vice President.

‘America Firster’ challenges Wallace

Chicago, Illinois (UP) –
Gerald L. K. Smith, head of the America First Party, today offered to debate with Vice President Henry A. Wallace on the necessity of the United States taking “suggestions of philosophical help from Communist Russia” on its post-war problems.

Mr. Smith issued the challenge in a telegram to Mr. Wallace last night and said he would meet Mr. Wallace at St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh or Philadelphia.

Mr. Smith said in the telegram:

You are quoted as praising the Communist regime of Stalin’s Russia. You represent a substantial number of American people who are pro-Communist and in agreement with your philosophies. I represent several million Americans whom you are now attacking. Because we are America Firsters and because we recruit our followers from the right and center you call us Fascists.

A national America First rally is scheduled to be held at St. Louis March 30.

[NormanStewart]

The Pittsburgh Press (February 22, 1944)

Soldier vote may hold keys to 1944 election

Middle class also big factor in approaching campaign
By Lyle C. Wilson, United Press staff writer

Washington –
Campaign-year political polls strongly suggest that the 1944 presidential contest will be decided among the preferences of the great middle classes of town and farm and of the armed services.

The soldier vote could swing a close election this year. That is one reason statesmen of all parties are so urgently interested in the soldier-vote machinery.

The American Institute of Public Opinion in a weekend poll reported that a sampling indicated 51% of the voters want the Democrats to win this year, 49% favoring the Republicans.

Democrats slump

That figure is weighted with the preponderant Democratic preferences of the South. Eliminating those states, the score for 37 others is 52% Republican to 48% Democratic.

The figures reflect a Democratic slump from the 55% of the vote polled by President Roosevelt in 1940. The loss has apparently been among the middle classes because those in the higher income levels in general may be regarded as opposed to the administration, but there is no evidence of any general desertion by labor.

The New York newspaper PM has also dome some polling. It comes up with returns from 100 selected labor leaders representing all the big organizations and some of the independents.

Take big lead

Mr. Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace were overwhelmingly favored to head the Democratic ticket again this year.

This PM poll appears to challenge the reports now rapidly gaining currency that labor is turning on the President, that the railway brotherhoods are angry because the railways were seized, that union labor is generally talking a bolt in protest against wage-freeze orders and increased living costs.

An American Institute of Public Opinion poll last month, however, reported that Mr. Roosevelt had lost some labor ground to the Republicans. A 1940 poll showed 72% of trade unionists favoring Mr. Roosevelt, whereas this year the tally had slumped to 64%.

[NormanStewart]

New soldier-vote plan

Washington (UP) –
Senate-House conferees turned their attention today to a new compromise soldier-vote plan which pointed to a possible settlement of the complicated issue that has kept Congress in uproar for almost three months.

The plan, offered by Rep. Worley (D-TX), a House conferee, would abolish the anti-poll tax provisions of the 1942 soldier-vote law but would retain a federal war ballot.

Rep. John E. Rankin (D-MS), leader of the fight for the House-approved states’-rights plan, indicated that Mr. Worley’s proposal would prove the way out. He said modification of the 1942 law to eliminate restrictions against state poll tax and registration requirements would “remove the constitutional issue” from debate.

[NormanStewart]

Editorial: Primaries are for voters

Local leaders of the Republican and Democratic Party organizations, taking their cues from statewide leaders, are conferring, dickering and bargaining to eliminate all “opposition” in the April 25 primaries.

For the sake of “harmony” they are endeavoring to patch up a slate on which a majority of them can agree – and then run everybody else out of the race.

In this enterprise, they are warmly, and even forcefully, encouraged by the big leaders.

The purpose is to avoid party splits, to set up solidarity for the main contest in November.

Some of the motives behind this program may have merit. The “harmony” slate may be helpful to party discipline. It may prevent the kind of mudslinging contests which have characterized factional disputes in so many recent primaries. And probably it will enable the two parties to hoard their campaign funds for the big battles in the fall.

But this backroom slate-making defeats the purpose of primary elections.

Years ago, Pennsylvania, and a great many other states, abandoned the convention form of choosing party candidates for local, state and Congressional officers. The convention system was abolished because it became rotten and anything but democratic. The desires of the voters were ignored. Instead of candidates freely nominated by the people, the voters in November were confronted by candidates handpicked by whatever bosses could control or buy the party conventions. The election became a contest between two cliques of bosses, rather than two parties.

The open primary has not cured that condition entirely. Bosses still control nominations, often by force of fat purses or political patronage rather than by any qualities of leadership.

But the worst of the evils inherent in the convention system have been eliminated, or at least curtailed.

The primary offers any candidate the opportunity to present himself to the people. And political bosses frequently have been defeated in primaries.

In this campaign, the bosses, operating under the guise of party “harmony,” are attempting to restore the old convention system.

This system may be more subtle than the convention plan, but it smacks of the same dangers.

A few party leaders, many of them self-appointed, summon potential candidates behind closed doors and decide this candidate may run and that candidate may not.

In some cases, the leaders have called in the elected party committeemen from the precincts and allowed them a determining voice. This perhaps gives the slate-making an air of democratic processes, but the principle of the primary is still being violated.

Primaries were created to give the people a chance to pick their own candidates. The people don’t get that chance unless there is a free entry of candidates, unhampered by pressure from bosses, or office-holders or professional politicians.