AL flag race reduced to two teams
Only Browns can beat out flying Tigers
By Glen Perkins, United Press staff writer
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U.S. State Department (September 21, 1944)
Lot 60–D 224, Box 55: DO/PR/28
Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State to the Secretary of State
Washington, September 21, 1944
Subject: PROGRESS REPORT ON DUMBARTON OAKS CONVERSATIONS – TWENTY-NINTH DAY
During the night the secretariat prepared copies of the final draft of the agreed provisions of the document incorporating the final decisions made at the meeting of the Joint Steering Committee yesterday. Copies of this final draft, which is dated September 20, were sent to the British and Soviet Embassies last night about 9:00. Additional copies were distributed to the members of the American group this morning.
Meeting of the American group at 10:30 a.m.
I reported to the members of the American group the substance of the conversation which Secretary Hull and I had had with the President earlier this morning and, in particular, informed the members of the group that both the Secretary and the President are in full accord with the proposal that the Russian phase of the conversations be adjourned on the understanding that the text of the document as agreed to will be published soon together with the statement that questions of voting procedure in the Council and certain other matters are still under consideration and will be the subject of further negotiations among the Governments.
Consideration was given to the procedure to be followed during the Chinese phase of the conversations and to the methods by which the Latin American countries would receive advance copies of the agreed-upon text shortly before the date of publication.
In view of the anticipated delay in the receipt of replies by the British and Soviet groups based upon the final text of the document as communicated to London and Moscow by those groups last night, it was decided to cancel the regular Friday and Saturday meetings of the American group. The group was asked to stand by for any emergency call over the weekend, particularly Sunday afternoon. The next regular meeting was scheduled for Monday at 9:30 a.m.
Continuing activity by the secretariat
The secretariat was occupied during the remainder of the day with preparation of minutes and other documents.
Lot 60–D 224, Box 59: Stettinius Diary
Extract from the Personal Diary of the Under Secretary of State
Twenty-ninth Day, Thursday, September 21, 1944
9:30 Meeting in the President’s Bedroom with the President and the Secretary
I met the Secretary, [and] Messrs. Dunn and Pasvolsky met Admiral Willson and General Embick, downstairs in the White House promptly at 9:30. Mr. Hull and I were invited upstairs first.
I presented to the President the document as it stands this morning, reflecting the changes agreed upon at yesterday’s Joint Steering Committee meeting and told him that this was the complete draft and that it had been cabled last night to London and Moscow. I said that he and the Secretary were the only two on the American side who could suggest further changes but that we would of course be glad to take up with the other Governments any amendments which either of them might wish to suggest.
I then handed to the President the memorandum outlining the changes which had been made in this final draft from the September 15 draft which he had. He took this memorandum and promised to study it.
I then presented to the President the memorandum which the American Group had prepared in their all-day session yesterday which he went over carefully and then inquired, “Where are we at?” In answering this question, I referred to our conversation on Sunday in which I had outlined the formula for a possible recess, for publication of the document, and simultaneous announcements by the four governments stating that their representatives would meet again at a later date to settle the open questions. The President said he recalled the conversation. I then said, “You have a decision to reach and in making it there are important political and military considerations which should be taken into account.” I told him that General Embick and Admiral Willson, representing the Joint Chiefs, were downstairs and wished to make a statement to him on the military considerations. The President immediately commented that he did not think there were serious domestic political implications in the matter. He said this was in reality a preliminary working paper and that it was natural that it should take considerable time to work out such an important matter, and that it would naturally need to be reviewed in detail by the chiefs of the other major powers. He added that the whole subject was one to which Churchill had not yet given his attention and that he knew, from his recent conversations with him, that he would take some time to make up his mind on some of these issues. The President said that he would be glad to see the General and the Admiral.
The President and Mr. Hull then exchanged views on the whole subject. The President expressed the tentative opinion that the only course to pursue was to follow the recommendation of recessing as quickly as possible. I made it clear to him, however, that we could not do this until we heard from the British and Russian Governments and that Gromyko did not expect to hear until Monday. They discussed in some detail future plans for special meetings and the like. I found that there were no plans for an immediate meeting. This brought up the question as to whether we should mention a date in the communiqué for another meeting or leave the question entirely open. The President and Secretary seemed to feel that it would be all right to state November 15 or soon thereafter. The feeling seemed to be that it would be most difficult to settle the major open question except at a meeting between chiefs of states or between foreign ministers.
During this discussion, I told the President pointblank that I heard a rumor that he and Churchill had sent or were planning to send a joint cable to Stalin relating to world security and other matters and that it would be most helpful to us in the Department to know if such a message had been sent. He replied that a general wire of this nature had been sent, mainly on strategic military questions, but that it had mentioned that there were certain very vital matters on the world organization which would have to be settled between the three of them. He added that nothing in the way of a compromise or any new formula had been suggested. He said he would ask Admiral Leahy to send us a copy. (This was never received.) In view of this discussion, I did not bring up the question of his sending a further wire to Stalin today. At this point, I again referred to the group waiting downstairs and suggested it would be helpful for them to join us. However, the President and the Secretary were so engrossed in their discussion that they continued it for a while. I finally managed to get the group up and before taking them in reviewed quickly and generally the course which the discussion had taken. I then told the President that I thought he would be interested in hearing a statement on this matter from the Joint Chiefs of Staff. General Embick made a very direct and satisfactory statement, expressing General Marshall’s view that it was important that whatever course was followed it be handled in a harmonious and workable way so that there would be no prejudice to cooperation with the Soviet Union. He said that the President’s idea of postponing consideration of the major open question to a later meeting was agreeable. Admiral Willson expressed his concurrence in the General’s statement.
In the course of the meeting, I again called the President’s attention to the latest draft of the document and said that as there had been changes from the draft which he had previously reviewed I thought it was important for him to look over it. He indicated that he was pressed with a speech scheduled for Saturday which he hadn’t yet written, but I feel that he will read the document and let us hear from him on it. I suggested to the President that in one of his major campaign addresses he might wish to cover certain aspects of the world security developments. He agreed that this was important and asked me to communicate with Judge Rosenman on the matter. He asked me to send the Judge a memorandum immediately saying that he had suggested this and that he felt the Judge should talk it over with us. (I called Judge Rosenman on the phone and arranged for him to see Pasvolsky and Ben Cohen.)
I mentioned to the President how disappointed we were that we had not yet succeeded in getting the human rights and fundamental freedoms statement in the document but that we had and would continue to press the matter as hard as we know how. I told him that we had obtained agreement that Cadogan and Gromyko would raise this as a special matter with their Governments and he was gratified by that. On leaving I told the President that I hoped that we would not have to bother him again on this.
During the conversation, the President repeated that Eden is thoroughly familiar with the plan and that he was pleased with Eden’s understanding of it and approach to it. Eden had told him that he had told the Prime Minister that the matter was in good shape and that he would have a copy for him to study on his return to England. Eden told him that he hoped that shortly thereafter they could both take it up with their War Cabinet. The President also repeated what he had told me Sunday – the fact that he had been unable to arouse the Prime Minister’s interest in this question at any time when they were together. The Prime Minister kept saying to him that he had not reached this yet and that it would have to be discussed with the War Cabinet. The President was impressed by Cadogan’s attitude and approach to it as he was with Eden’s.
I told the President and the Secretary that I felt we must publish the plan even if the Russians and British should not agree. The Secretary and the President both felt this was very important.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
500.CC/9–2144
Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State to President Roosevelt and the Secretary of State
Washington, September 21, 1944
In the conversations with the Russians and British we have reached agreement except as to:
- Procedure of voting in the Security Council;
- Determination of initial members;
- Treatment of matters within the domestic jurisdiction of member states;
- Provision for amendment of the Charter; and
- If present efforts for agreement fail, promotion of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
The problem with which we are most concerned is whether a permanent member of the Council should vote on matters relating to a dispute to which it is a party and, in consequence of the unanimity rule, have the power of veto. The Soviets insist that they should have this right and that permanent members should have the power of veto on all questions, except procedural matters, including the question of whether a dispute may be considered in the Security Council. The British maintain that no state party to a dispute should be entitled to vote. In the document we presented on July 18 we stated that a special procedure for voting in such cases should be worked out. During the conversations we have, under instructions, taken a position similar to that of the British.
Confronted by the choice between continuing the conversations in the hope of getting an early compromise on this issue, which appears unlikely at the technical level, or of adjourning, the American group has considered, among other serious questions, the following:
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Whether adjournment without agreement on this issue could be placed in such a light as to avoid unfortunate domestic repercussions and unfavorable international consequences, both military and political;
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Whether the consequences of such adjournment would adversely affect present and future military cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union;
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Whether such adjournment would make necessary a public statement by this Government of its position on the voting question;
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Whether the ensuing public debate would make more difficult subsequent acceptance of a compromise formula by this Government;
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Whether the repercussions of such debates in other countries would make more difficult subsequent agreement between their governments and ours;
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Whether the resulting delay would undermine public support for an international organization and jeopardize our participation through the building up of isolationist and other opposition here; and
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Whether postponement of agreement, with opportunity for world debate, might in fact lead to a strengthened public support of a, satisfactory compromise and to less difficulties with small states, or whether the need for a compromise might so dissatisfy the small states as to be injurious to the establishment of the proposed organization, and to our Inter-American relations.
Having in mind the foregoing consideration, the American group, on balance, suggests that, subject to agreement among the three powers:
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The conversations with the Soviets and British should be adjourned;
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At that time a communiqué should be issued stating that the draft proposals have been submitted to the Governments who in due course will make a statement;
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Conversations with the Chinese should start promptly;
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At the conclusion of the conversations with the Chinese, any additional points requiring consideration should be submitted to the Soviet Government;
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The proposals so agreed upon should thereafter be published as soon as possible and identic statements be made by the four Governments pointing out that these proposals cover most of the principal matters and that the Governments are continuing their consideration of remaining points; and
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Since an acceptance of either extreme position on voting in the Council now appears highly improbable, an effort should be made at a higher level to reach agreement upon a compromise formula at the earliest moment, if possible before a public statement on the subject becomes necessary. Such a compromise might be along the lines of the formula projected on September 13, with possible improving amendments. Copy attached.
E S
Address by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey
September 21, 1944, 11:00 p.m. EWT
Broadcast from San Francisco, California
It is mighty fine to come again to your great State of California and to see at first hand the progress you are making under my good friend, your distinguished Governor Earl Warren. I am happy too to hear from him that your next United States Senator will be your able Lieutenant Governor, Frederick F. Houser.
As I have traveled here, across this magnificent country of ours, I find that men and women everywhere are looking eagerly toward the peace which will follow our total victory over Germany and Japan.
I find that as they look ahead beyond the final victory, two great desires are paramount. We want political freedom and we also want economic security. The great question of the years ahead will be this: can we have both political freedom and economic security?
I believe we can. I believe we must find a way to have both. To solve that problem, we need a new administration. That’s why it’s time for a change.
The present administration has failed utterly to find a solution for that problem. Saturated us it is with the defeatist theory that America is past its prime, the New Deal can see only two possibilities for America – ever increasing regimentation as one alternative, and reaction as the other. It believes that economic security can only be purchased at the price of freedom.
That argument is false. Our people do not want to see this country dragged further and further toward complete government control over every aspect of our lives. Neither do we want to go back to the reactionary philosophy of dog-eat-dog.
Neither of these alternatives is necessary. There is a better way. There is an American way to meet the modern needs for greater economic stability and individual security within the framework of a free society.
Let’s consider a moment where we are today. We speak of freedom, but the farmer asks, “Does that mean freedom to go broke when there are peacetime surpluses and the prices of our crops fall ruinously?” Labor asks, “Does that mean freedom 1o walk the streets in bad years, looking for work at any price?”
These are questions which go to the heart of our problem. No man can be free when he stands in constant danger of hunger. By the same token, no man can be either free or secure under a government which seeks to regulate his whole life.
So, what is the solution? Must we accept the New Deal way of ever-increasing regimentation as the only escape from reaction? I think not.
Whether we like it or not, and regardless of the party in power, government is committed to some degree of economic direction. Certain government measures to influence broad economic conditions are both desirable and inevitable
Let me give you just three examples:
First. money and credit. Before we have finished financing the war, our national debt may be over $300 billion. The annual interest on that debt at current rates will be $6 billion.
That is more than the total annual cost of our national government in any peacetime year before the New Deal. That $6 billion a year must be raised by taxes before we begin to meet the current costs of government. We cannot afford a substantial rise in interest rates which would still further increase the cost of carrying our national debt.
So, one result of this unprecedented government debt which now faces us is this: In order to keep down taxes and prevent the price of government bonds from falling as they did after the last war, the federal government is going to have to keep interest rates stable.
Now let’s take up another vital aspect of our life – wages. In bygone days, working men and women worked for whatever they could get. When a lot of people were working for work, wages went down.
In hard times people had to work for literally starvation pay. That was one of the brutal ways our society adjusted itself to depressions under the old-time dog-eat-dog economy. Those days are never coming back again.
They are not coming back because we are never again going to submit to mass unemployment. Government’s first job in the peacetime years ahead will be to see that conditions exist which promote widespared job opportunities in private enterprise.
There are many means to that end including the creation of foreign markets and the promotion of foreign trade. If at any time there are no sufficient jobs in private employment to go around, then government can and must create additional job opportunities. There must be jobs for all.
We have unemployment insurance, old-age pensions and minimum wage laws. They are here to stay and we are going to broaden them. Tomorrow night on the radio from Los Angeles, I shall discuss some of the things we need to do to advance our social progress.
We have strong labor unions, protected by law in their rights to collective bargaining.
Moreover, we have developed over the years a social viewpoint which will not tolerate any solution to the economic cycle which rests upon the grinding down of the wages of working men and women.
So here again we recognize that our economy has become more subject to government action. The savage old cutthroat adjustments are gone for good. We simply will not tolerate them.
Now, consider agriculture. The farmer, too, has lived under the iron law of supply and demand. In wartime or when crops were normal and demand was good, the farmer prospered. When crops were big and demand was small, the farmer watched his produce go begging while his children were in need.
But the farmer had no control over either supply or demand. He might work his head off all summer long, and then lose everything. He had no protection from the inexorable swings of the economic cycle, which swept him alternately from good times to distress.
All that is also in the past. As a nation, we are committed to the proposition that the farmer must be protected against extreme fluctuations of prices. We are committed to the proposition that the prices of major farm crops must be supported against the menace of disastrous collapse.
We have undertaken that commitment for the sake of the entire nation. We know that depression on the farm leads to depression in the nation, just as unemployment and misery in the city leads to misery on the farm.
In agriculture, in labor and in money, we are committed to some degree of government intervention, in the free workings of our economic system. In many directions the free market which old-time economists talked about is gone.
Now, in all these, there exists an obvious danger to our fundamental freedoms. The danger is that in accepting the support of government in certain broad aspects of our economy, we may slip by stages into complete government control of our lives. In other words, in our search for economic security, we may lose forever our personal and political freedoms.
Not once in all the past 12 years has the New Deal faced this situation frankly and courageously.
Instead, it has sought to buy the favor of one group and then of another. It has pretended to be the generous uncle for each group, meanwhile playing one against the other for political profit. It has but up a towering bureaucracy which today reaches into the smallest village in the country and directly affects the lives of all our citizens.
Not content to deal with major economic factors, or possibly because it was not competent to deal with them, it has sought to fasten upon the individual citizen the deadening hand of bureaucratic control.
The result is that today we confront two dangerous alternatives. Under one, we may slip by gradual stages into complete government regulation of every aspect of our lives. Under the other, we may become so intolerant of the restraints and interferences in our lives as to take refuge in complete reaction.
Either of these courses would be tragic. Neither is necessary.
We have reached a point where we must make a crucial decision. We must decide this year whether we shall reject both of these courses and choose a new leadership pledged to attain a maximum of security without loss of our essential freedoms, and with neither malice nor favor toward any group or class.
For myself, I am utterly confident that America can achieve stability and lasting prosperity without the loss of any part of its political freedom.
Facing the world ahead and recognizing the necessity of a government active in promoting the best interests of individuals and of individual enterprise, we should establish three principles at the base of such action. All three of these principles are the exact opposite of the New Deal.
The first is that government action must be of a character consistent with the American system of opportunity for ail. Its objective must be not to restrict individual economic opportunity but to widen it. Government must do this without any reservations as to its faith in individual enterprise. It must promote fair trade and not consider trade as. something to be tolerated.
The second principle is that government action must be administered by men and women who believe in and understand American workers, American businessmen and American farmers. There has perhaps never been a time in our history when the character of the men who compose our government was so important as it is now.
The temptation to be bureaucratic, to usurp power, to puff themselves up has proved irresistible to those who have swarmed to Washington under the New Deal.
We must have men in government who have the strength of character to resist the inevitable temptation toward petty tyranny. We must have men in office who believe that the preservation of individual rights and freedoms is more important than the exaggeration of their own power.
Finally, we must have a new point of view toward the relationship between government and the people, The role of government cannot be the purely negative one of correcting abuse, of telling people what they may or may not do. Government must be the means by which our people, working together, seek to meet the problems that are too big for any one of us or any group of us to solve individually.
The industrial worker, however capable and energetic he may be, cannot in our modern society assure himself by his own unaided efforts continuity of employment. Even the largest industrial corporation cannot maintain employment, if the country as a whole is undergoing a depression.
Yet if there is one thing we are all agreed upon, it is that in the coming peacetime years, we in this country must have jobs and opportunity for all. That is everybody’s business. Therefore, it is the business of government. But how?
Where are we going to find these jobs for everyone who wants to work? Certainly, they will not be found in government itself. If all of us should go to work for the government, then our system would be no different from Communism or Fascism.
There can be jobs for all only if business, industry and agriculture are able to provide those jobs. There are no clever shortcuts to this goal. It cannot be achieved by some ingenious scheme concocted by a social dreamer in a government bureau.
The New Deal pulled rabbits out of hats for seven years and ended up in 1940 with 10 million still unemployed. We will achieve our objective only if we create an economic climate in which business, industry and agriculture can grow and flourish.
Our small businessmen, our farmers, the men who run our offices and factories and stores and mines must know that government wants each of them to succeed, that government stands ready, not to hinder, but to help. I am concerned only that our people shall have jobs, and people cannot have jobs if businessmen are afraid to go to work, if management is afraid to manage, if farmers are afraid to produce.
We want the enterprising men and women of America to make a success of their endeavors because that is the only way we can have a going American economy in which all our people can find work at decent pay.
We have seen in the war what can be dope when American technical and management skill is given a chance to do a job. All that was necessary was to give American enterprises the green light in order to bring forth miracles of production. In the same spirit, American business and American industry can be given the green light for peacetime production. Then we shall see peacetime miracles as we have seen wartime miracles.
There is much that government can do. Our repressive tax laws, which now operate to penalize incentive and to put a brake upon the kind of enterprise that makes job opportunities, must be drastically revised. We must have the kind of taxes that do not discourage, but encourage men to start new businesses and to expand old businesses. At another time, I shall discuss this question of taxes in detail.
Government regulations which discourage and wear down producers in every field must be revised. The whole atmosphere of studied hostility toward our job producing machinery must be replaced.
More than this, we must have laws that are sufficiently simple and clear so that men can know what they are allowed to do. Most of the laws passed by the New Deal and the regulations under them are so involved and complicated that it is impossible for even the ablest lawyer to advise what they mean.
The judges, when called upon to apply them, are violently divided among themselves. There can be neither freedom nor a healthy economy under laws and decrees which are so multitudinous that businessmen, labor leaders and indeed citizens generally, cannot be law abiding except by doing nothing.
The man who has an idea that could lead to greater job opportunities must feel that government is as anxious for him to succeed as he is himself. That means also that government must cease to pursue policies which foster antagonism and mutual distrust between workers and employers.
For too long we have been a nation divided and government has been the great divider. Now under the stress of war we have drawn closer together. We have come to appreciate a little better the part that each of us must play. Labor, industry and agriculture, each in its place, have made a mighty contribution to the winning of the war. We must learn to work together in peace as we have worked together in war. We must seek mutual understanding.
The worker, the farmer and the businessman are equals and are equally important. No one can disregard the interest of the others save to his own cost. No one can be master over the other two. No one is entitled to a voice in the affairs of government at the sacrifice of the others.
The government must be equally concerned with the welfare of all elements in our society. Government is not the property of any section of the country or any segment of our society. It should be the servant of all.
We are not going back to the days of unregulated business and finance. We are not going back to the days of unprotected farm prices. We are not going back to the leaf raking and the dole. We are not going down the New Deal road to total control of our daily lives. We are going forward on the better road. We are going forward to achieve in peace what the New Deal could only achieve at the cost of war – jobs and opportunity for all.
And we shall recover and preserve our individual freedom, which has once again been made sacred by the blood of American men.
who was the fascist policeman and what was he on trial for?
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Pietro Caruso, charged with war crimes, notably the massacre in Fosse Ardeatine months earlier.
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Völkischer Beobachter (September 22, 1944)
Auch in Belgien Hunger und Teuerung –
Eine Volksfrontregierung kündigt sich an
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Gegenangriff nördlich Maastricht–Aachen
Berlin, 21. September –
In Mittelholland setzten die deutschen Truppen am Mittwoch im Raum Nimwegen–Arnheim ihre konzentrischen Angriffe gegen die in geringem Umfang noch weiter aus der Luft verstärkten feindlichen Kräfte fort, die erneut schwere Verluste hatten. Die dramatischen Kämpfe um den schmalen Korridor, den britische Panzerkräfte durch ihr Vordringen nach Nordosten zur Hilfeleistung für die bei Nimwegen gelandeten Luftlandeeinheiten zu öffnen versuchten, spitzten sich weiter zu. Immer wieder in den Flanken getroffen, konnte der Panzerkeil zwar Boden gewinnen, aber seine Angriffe zur Verbreiterung der schmalen Schleuse scheiterten.
Auch am Maas-Schelde-Kanal, wo die Briten weiterhin bei Neerpelt nach Westen angriffen, hielt der Eckpfeiler an der Basis der feindlichen Einbruchsstellen den heftigen Stößen stand. Die Lage im mittleren Südholland hat sich somit nur unwesentlich gegenüber dem Vortag verändert. Das gleiche gilt für unseren Brückenkopf südlich der Westerschelde. Auch hier blieben den Kanadiern, die nördlich Gent unter Einsatz sehr schwerer Panzerkräfte seit zwei Tagen unsere Stellungen aufzureißen versuchen, von geringen Vorteilen im Brennpunkt des Angriffs abgesehen, Erfolge versagt.
Die im Wehrmachtbericht angesprochenen Kämpfe nordöstlich Echternach, bei denen der feindliche Brückenkopf an der Sauer zerschlagen wurde, haben eine größere Bedeutung, als es auf den ersten Blick erscheinen mag. Aus den örtlichen Kämpfen der letzten Tage hatte sich das Bestreben des Feindes abgezeichnet, durch gleichzeitige Angriffe in der Eifel aus dem Sauer-Brückenkopf ein Stück unserer befestigten Stellungen westlich der Prüm herauszubrechen. Unsere erfolgreichen Gegenangriffe an der Sauer haben den südlichen Stoßkeil des Feindes bis auf bedeutungslose Reste auf das westliche Flussufer zurückgeworfen. Gegen die nördliche Angriffsgruppe sind ebenfalls Gegenstöße angesetzt.
Das Schwergewicht der Kampfhandlungen an der Westfront lag weiterhin im Raum um Aachen. Im Maastrichter Zipfel konnten die Nordamerikaner durch ununterbrochene, von heftigen Bombardierungen und schweren Feuerüberfällen begleitete Angriffe etwas Boden gewinnen. Wenige Kilometer nördlich der bisherigen Kampflinien bezogen unsere Truppen zum Ausgleich der feindlichen Einbrüche noch auf niederländischem Boden neue Abwehrstellungen und schlugen hier weitere feindliche Vorstöße ab. Durch diese Verlagerung der Front vertiefte sich die Flanke nordwestlich Aachen. Dort griff der Feind ebenfalls mit starken Kräften an, um die Stadt von Norden zu überflügeln. Nördlich Maastricht und Aachen sind eigene Gegenangriffe im Gange. Auch östlich Aachen verstärkten unsere Truppen ihrerseits den Gegendruck. Westlich Stolberg schlugen sie feindliche Angriffe ab und südöstlich der Stadt zwangen sie den Feind zur Aufgabe vorübergehend gewonnenen Geländes.
Bei einem dieser Gegenstöße vernichtete eine ostmärkische Panzerkampfgruppe 22 nordamerikanische Panzer. Über die Hälfte davon wurde von Panzergrenadieren auf Entfernungen zwischen 30 und 100 Meter mit „Panzerfaust“ und „Panzerschreck“ abgeschossen. Im gleichen Kampfabschnitt brachten drei „Tiger“-Panzer innerhalb einer halben Stunde sechs schwere nordamerikanische Panzer zur Strecke und drückten dadurch die ganze feindliche Stoßgruppe auf ihre Ausgangsstellungen zurück. Dem durch unsere Gegenstöße aufgesplitterten feindlichen Angriffskeil gingen starke eigene Stoßtrupps meist bei Nacht zu Leibe. Sie bereinigten in der vorletzten Nacht einen feindlichen Einbruch dadurch, daß sie in erbitterten Nahkämpfen an einer Stelle fünf, an anderer vier verbissen verteidigte Bunker zurückgewannen. Gegenstöße der Nordamerikaner wurden durch unsere Artillerie niedergehalten und blieben ohne Erfolg.
Im südlichen Teil der Westfront blieb der Raum Metz–Lunéville weiterhin hart umkämpft. Die Nordamerikaner verstärkten ihren Druck gegen den Brückenkopf Metz, ohne Vorteile gewinnen zu können. Bei Lunéville setzten sie ihren am Vortage begonnenen Gegenangriff gegen unsere auf breiter Front vorgedrungenen Truppen fort. In Lunéville selbst gingen die erbitterten Kämpfe weiter. Nördlich und südlich der Stadt prallten Angriffe und Gegenstöße in rascher Folge aufeinander. Feindliche Einbrüche wurden durch eigene Bodengewinne aufgewogen. Hier und nördlich Épinal, wo sich der Feind wieder etwas vorschieben konnte, dauern die Kämpfe an. Trotz aller Anstrengungen und Verluste hat der Feind seine durch unsere vorausgegangenen Gegenstöße aufgebrochenen Positionen an der Mosel bisher nicht wieder aufbauen können.
Führer HQ (September 22, 1944)
Kommuniqué des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht
Im Raum Arnheim wurden die eigenen Angriffe zur Vernichtung der dort eingeschlossenen Reste der 1. englischen Luftlandedivision fortgesetzt. Uber Nimwegen nach Norden angreifender Feind wurde nördlich der Stadt aufgefangen. Südlich Nimwegen gewinnen eigene Gegenangriffe langsam Boden. Jagd- und Schlachtflieger unterstützten die Abwehrkämpfe des Heeres im holländischen Raum und vernichteten 38 feindliche Flugzeuge, darunter 20 schwere, zur Versorgung der feindlichen Luftlandetruppen eingesetzte Transportflugzeuge und 12 viermotorige Bomber. Zehn anglo-amerikanische Bomber wurden außerdem durch Verbände des Heeres abgeschossen.
Im Raum Aachen wurden mehrere mit Panzern geführte Angriffe des Feindes unter Abschuß von neun Panzern abgewiesen. Südöstlich der Stadt verstärkt sich der feindliche Druck.
Bei Pont-à-Mousson und im Raum Nancy–Lunéville wurden mehrere Angriffe des Gegners teilweise im erfolgreichen Gegenstoß unter hohen Verlusten für den Feind abgewiesen, örtliche Einbrüche bereinigt. Im Raum Remiremont trat der Feind mit stärkeren Kräften zum Angriff an. Die schweren Kämpfe um die Stadt halten an.
Die Verteidiger der Festung Boulogne stehen seit Tagen in schwersten Abwehr kämpfen gegen weit überlegenen Feind. Gegen Calais führte der Gegner gestern starke Luftangriffe. Die Besatzung von Saint-Nazaire wies mehrere feindliche Angriffe ab.
Im Raum nördlich Florenz scheiterten zahlreiche mit zusammengefassten Kräften geführte feindliche Angriffe in erbitterten Kämpfen. Ein örtlicher Einbruch wurde abgeriegelt. An der Adria setzte der Feind infolge der in den schweren Kämpfen der letzten Tage erlittenen hohen Verluste seine Durchbruchsangriffe nicht fort. An der. gesamten Front wurden örtliche starke Angriffe abgewiesen. Am 20. September wurden insgesamt 106 Panzer des Gegners vernichtet.
Im südwestlichen Siebenbürgen stehen ungarische Truppen im Kampf mit feindlichen Angriffsspitzen. Unsere Verbände zerschlugen im Szekler Zipfel sämtliche Angriffe der Bolschewisten. In Westrumänien setzten eigene Schlachtflieger 23 Panzer außer Gefecht und zerstörten zahlreiche Fahrzeuge.
In der Abwehrschlacht im Raum von Sanok und Krosno halten die schweren Kämpfe mit neu herangeführten Kräften der Bolschewisten an. Unsere Gegenangriffe beseitigten unter Abschuß zahlreicher Sowjetpanzer örtliche Einbruchsstellen.
Bei Warschau scheiterte ein neuer Übersetzversuch des Gegners bereits auf den Flussinseln. Es wurden über 200 Gefangene- eingebracht.
Unsere gepanzerten Angriffsgruppen gewannen südwestlich Mitau gegen zähen feindlichen Widerstand weiteres Gelände.
In Lettland und Estland haben unsere heldenhaft kämpfenden Truppen erneuten Durchbruchs versuche starker sowjetischer Kräfte auch am achten Tage der Schlacht zerschlagen. In Abwehr und Gegenangriff wurden gestern 103 feindliche Panzer vernichtet oder erbeutet. Im Nordteil Estlands sind die befohlenen Absetzbewegungen aus dem Narwa-Abschnitt planmäßig verlaufen.
Nordamerikanische Bomber griffen am gestrigen Tage mehrere Orte im ungarischen Raum an. Bei Terrorangriffen auf westdeutsches Gebiet entstanden Schäden besonders in Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Koblenz und Mainz.
In Siebenbürgen hat sich ein Alarmbataillon unter Führung des Hauptmanns Arnhardt durch besondere Standhaftigkeit hervorgetan.
Am unteren Narew haben sich das Jägerregiment 49 unter Führung von Oberstleutnant von Salisch und die Sturmgeschützbrigade 259 unter Führung von Major Tolckmitt in Angriff und Abwehr hervorragend geschlagen.
In den schweren Abwehrkämpfen an der Adria haben sich die Verbände des 76. Panzerkorps unter Führung des Generals der Panzertruppen Herr, unterstützt durch Flakartillerie der Luftwaffe sowie durch Heeres- und Marineküstenartillerie, besonders ausgezeichnet. In der Zeit vom 26. August bis 20. September wurden allein von diesem Korps 661 feindliche Panzer vernichtet.
Bei Warschau zeichnete sich die niedersächsische 19. Panzerdivision unter Führung des Eichenlaubträgers Generalleutnant Källner durch hervorragende Standfestigkeit und erfolgreiche Gegenangriffe aus.
Supreme HQ Allied Expeditionary Force (September 22, 1944)
Communiqué No. 167
The Allied drive northwards through NIJMEGEN continued yesterday against increasing enemy opposition. Our armored forces, having captured the bridge at NIJMEGEN in conjunction with airborne troops, crossed to the north bank of the WAAL and pushed on north. The town of NIJMEGEN has been cleared of the enemy.
The base of the Allied salient has been widened on both sides of EINDHOVEN. We have reached SOMEREN on the east and we are fighting in the area of WINTELRE on the west.
Fighters and fighter-bombers supported the operations in HOLLAND. Some enemy aircraft were encountered, principally in the areas of NIJMEGEN and LOCHEM. Twenty enemy aircraft were shot down for the loss of four of our fighters.
In the SCHELDT Estuary, we have captured TERNEUZEN and are steadily mopping-up the southern bank east of the LEOPOLD CANAL.
In the BOULOGNE area, the enemy has been confined to the high ground southwest of the town. An enemy strongpoint in the FORÊT DE LA CRECHE on the outskirts of the town was attacked by medium and light bombers.
Troops crossing into GERMANY from Southern HOLLAND have advanced to within three miles of GEILENKIRCHEN. In the STOLBERG–BÜSBACH area east of AACHEN, mopping-up is in progress and we are engaged in house-to-house fighting in STOLBERG. East of the town, our troops have gained high ground.
Further south, Allied troops are clearing the HÜRTGEN FOREST against moderate artillery fire and are also mopping-up in the area of LAMMERSDORF. Numerous counterattacks have been repulsed near DIEKIRCH and one unit has destroyed 28 enemy tanks.
South of METZ, our forces advanced to within six miles of the city. Along the MEURTHE River, we have cleared LUNÉVILLE and our troops have taken high ground along the west bank five miles to the southeast. Other units are in the vicinity of FLIN on the MEURTHE River, five miles northwest of BACCARAT.
Railway centers at EHRANG, GEROLSTEIN and PRONSFELD in GERMANY were attacked yesterday by medium bombers.
U.S. Navy Department (September 22, 1944)
CINCPAC Communiqué No. 128
On Peleliu Island, the enemy continued to resist bitterly from heavily fortified defense positions on Umurbrogol Mountain during September 21 (West Longitude Date). Troops of the 1st Marine Division were unable to make any appreciable progress along the western arm of the island. Five heavy caliber enemy guns were captured by our forces during the day. Our front line remains virtually unchanged except for slight northward progress along the west coast. On Angaur, the 81st Infantry Division continues to dig remnants of the enemy from caves in the northwestern section of the island. During the day a heavy cruiser shelled enemy defense installations on Koror Island, and scored several direct hits.
Corsairs of the 4th Marine Aircraft Wing bombed Rota in the Marianas on September 20. On the same day installations at Pagan were bombed by 7th Army Air Force Liberators. No anti-aircraft fire was encountered in either attack.
Seventh Army Air Force Liberators attacked Marcus Island on September 19 and again on September 20. Gun emplacements were bombed in the latter attack. Meager anti-aircraft fire was encountered. The runway and gun emplacements on Nauru Island were bombed on September 20 by 7th Army Air Force Mitchells. Anti-aircraft fire was moderate.
Jaluit Atoll in the Marshalls was attacked on September 20 by 7th Army Air Force Liberators.
The Pittsburgh Press (September 22, 1944)
AIR ARMY’S PLIGHT CRITICAL
Sky troopers hold out in patch of hell
Secret courage keeps ‘em going, writer says
By Alan Wood, representing combined Allied press
This is one of the first dispatches from the “pocket” in Holland in which British troops of the 1st Allied Airborne Army are surrounded by the Germans.
With airborne troops in Arnhem area (UP) – (9:00 a.m. CET)
It’s a nasty morning – cold and misty – and the Germans are plastering us plentifully with mortars and big guns. Machine guns have just opened up on the right.
In this patch of hell, our men are holding the few civilian houses that still stand.
An old lady in black stumbled out of one of them a few minutes ago, and a British soldier ran out and put his arm around her. She collapsed, and he carried her down to safety in a cellar.
It is now just five days and five nights – sleepless – since we flew out from England. God knows from what secret source of strength these fighting men have drawn the courage which has kept them going.
Only one thing is certain – they will keep going until the British 2nd Army gets here.
Yesterday, the Germans brought up loudspeakers and called on us to surrender. A bunch of glider pilots yelled their heads off swearing abuse at the enemy in reply.
More and more of our secondary guns are coming into action on the other side of the river (north branch of the Rhine toward which the British 2nd Army is advancing). They have just knocked out with a direct hit a German Mark IV tank coming to attack us. We don’t know exactly where the bulk of the 2nd Army is, but we will be here and ready when they come.
Dakota transport planes flying through a flak barrage dropped more supplies this evening, right here where we wanted them.
In a dispatch from the Arnhem “pocket” dated yesterday, Stanley Maxted, writing for the combined Allied press, says:
The troops are being asked to do more than flesh and blood should have to endure, but as their commander said, “They are of good heart. These airborne men are magnificent…” When the 2nd Army arrives they may be told one of the epics of the war.
Yanks beaten back in Reich
First Army mops up inside Stolberg, but falls back in south
By Virgil Pinkley, United Press staff writer
Bitter resistance was met by Allied forces on the Western Front. The U.S. 1st Army was forced to retreat above Trier, but was mopping up the Germans in Stolberg, near Aachen. The U.S. 3rd Army was engaged in a fierce tank battle near Château-Salins. The British 2nd Army battled furiously to relieve a British airborne force at Arnhem, in the Netherlands, which was reported in a critical plight. 1st Canadian Army troops mopped up along the Scheldt River estuary, while the Allied 6th Army Group on the south fought off German attacks near the Belfort Gap.
SHAEF, London, England –
A heavy German counterattack has forced back U.S. 1st Army troops northwest of Trier, it was announced officially today, and British airborne troops fighting against heavy odds in the Arnhem area of Holland are in a “critical” plight.
A dispatch from Stolberg, 612 miles east of Aachen, said U.S. forces were mopping up the northern section of the city as the Germans tried to move out an aircraft parts factory.
Latest reports to Headquarters said German artillery was pounding the Arnhem “island” of British troops dug in on the north bank of the north branch of the Rhine while a relief column of British 2nd Army tanks struggled vainly to puncture the constricting Nazi noose.
A dispatch from the Arnhem pocket at 9:00 a.m. reflected the desperation of the situation there, the correspondent marveling at what has kept the British going since Sunday and saying that “only one thing is certain – they will keep going until the 2nd Army gets here.”
A German dispatch broadcast by the Berlin radio described most violent fighting in Arnhem, key stronghold commanding the approaches to northwestern Germany, which had been raging since Sunday, indicating that the British had captured the town but were unable to consolidate their victory.
Headquarters sources said that on the right wing of Lt. Gen. Courtney H. Hodges’ 1st Army front near the center of the Luxembourg-German frontier the Americans had been forced to pull back an undisclosed distance.
The setback came in the sector east of Diekirch, 23 miles northwest of Trier and 12 miles northwest of Echternach. The significance of the strong counterassault by the Nazis on their home soil was not apparent immediately.
The British airborne force which dropped down in the Arnhem area Sunday was disclosed to hold a sector stretching westward from the city along the north bank of the river.
The exact depth and width of the island was not disclosed.
A battle of extreme violence was going on in the wet, hazy reach of pastureland between Arnhem and Nijmegen, 10 miles to the south, where the Allies forced the Rhine and struck up toward Arnhem.
Hopes raised by unofficial reports that the 2nd Army had established a tenuous link with the Arnhem pocket were dashed by the dispatch from the Arnhem area and the subsequent lack of any report at headquarters on a junction.
The relief column ran into heavy resistance two miles north of Nijmegen – eight miles short of Arnhem – and up to the noon hours today had not been able to break the stalemate there, headquarters sources reported.
The plight of the Arnhem forces was intensified by a bad turn in the weather which cut down the reinforcement missions flown by Allied planes. Yesterday the air forces carried in a substantial number of troops.
The Germans were revealed to have been counterattacking the U.S. 1st and 3rd Armies all along the front from north of Aachen to south of Lunéville.
The 1st Army withdrawal east of Diekirch was in sector where one of the deepest penetrations of the Reich had been made. It was not clear whether the spearhead was still inside Germany.
North of Aachen, a counterattack near Geilenkirchen was repulsed without loss of ground. Southeast of Aachen, slow progress was reported in the drive through the Hürtgen Forest against green camouflaged pillboxes and roadblocks. The battle was centered about five miles southeast of Stolberg.
Lt. Gen. George S. Patton’s veteran U.S. 3rd Army was locked in a swaying tank battle east of the Moselle River that outmatched in fury anything yet seen in the western campaign.
After five days of reckless counterattacks that failed to halt the eastward progress of Gen. Patton’s spearheads, the Nazis hurled fresh panzer divisions into the fight this morning and wheeled up strong artillery forces to support the counterblow. The Yanks destroyed 246 German tanks in the five days.
Guns move up
Pooled dispatches filed late yesterday from the Arnhem sector said British artillery had reached the area just south of the Rhine estuary and was shelling German assault positions around the beleaguered sky troops.
Radio Berlin continued to trumpet obviously exaggerated claims of losses inflicted on the Arnhem pocket. After admitting the juncture, Berlin said the British 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem had been “completely liquidated” and then announced that the “liquidation” was still in progress.
United Press writer Ronald Clark reported from the 2nd Army front that increasing numbers of British tanks, with U.S. paratroops and British infantrymen riding their turrets, were moving across the Nijmegen bridge to join in the battle to the north.
Batter lifeline
German tanks, troops and artillery battered at the narrow lifeline stretching up 55 miles from the Belgian border to Arnhem, and Mr. Clark reported that the enemy attacks were mounting in force.
A headquarters communiqué said British and U.S. troops were steadily widening the base of their salient jutting across the Belgian-Dutch border, pushing 16 miles beyond Eindhoven to Someren on the east, and six miles westward to Wintelre.
On the 3rd Army front, Gen. Patton sent his armored divisions lunging eastward within 25 miles of the Siegfried Line and ran head-on into a great concentration of German panzers massed on the open plains between Château-Salins and Dieuze.
Gain near Metz
North of the Château-Salins–Dieuze battle, 3rd Army infantrymen hacked out small advances in the thickly-defended arca around Sillegny, six miles south of Metz. To the south, other tank and infantry forces cleared the Germans from Lunéville and pushed out along the Meurthe River 15 miles southeast of that town to the Baccarat area. Flin, five miles northwest of Baccarat, was captured yesterday.
On the U.S. 1st Army front, machine-gun squads fought the Germans step by step through the ruins of Stolberg. Aachen was still under siege, although unconfirmed reports said the Germans were beginning to evacuate the city through a narrow gap in the American lines to the northeast.
Canadians take port
First Canadian Army forces in the Schelde Estuary sector along the northwestern border of Belgium and the southwestern Dutch frontier captured the Dutch port of Terneuzen and mopped up German pockets along the south bank of the Schelde.
On the U.S. 7th Army front at the southern end of the battle line, U.S. troops pushed into the western end of the Belfort Gap against steadily stiffening resistance.
At last reports, the doughboys were barely 12 miles west of Belfort after capturing the village of Palante in a 3½-mile advance from Lure. French troops moving up from the south, however, were forced to withdraw slightly in the Vermondans area, 17 miles below Belfort.
‘Long live Italy’ –
Ex-police chief of Rome executed for Fascist crimes
Pietro Caruso shot in back as he sits astride chair fumbling with rosary
…
Greek soldiers capture Rimini
Push into Po Valley of North Italy
…
‘Dog-eat-dog days gone’ –
Dewey promises security for all
Personal and political freedom also pledged
Los Angeles, California (UP) –
Governor Thomas E. Dewey winds up his Pacific Coast campaign tonight with an address from this city’s huge Memorial Coliseum where he will outline the Republican program for expansion of unemployment compensation of unemployment compensation, old-age pensions and minimum wage laws.
Governor Dewey arrived here shortly before noon.
En route to a hotel, crowds were sparse. One spectator shouted “What kind of breadlines are you going to have?” and received only a glare from Mr. Dewey.
Tonight’s speech will be a follow-up to last night’s speech from San Francisco when he promised, if elected, to find a middle road between “New Deal regimentation” and “a reactionary philosophy of dog-eat-dog” to post-war jobs and security for all without loss of personal or political freedom.
Governor Dewey’s address will be broadcast at 11:00 p.m. ET over KDKA.
Governor Dewey and his party were accompanied here by Governor and Mrs. Earl Warren of California.
Governor Dewey made his initial bid for California’s 25 electoral votes last night before an overflow crowd of 15,000 persons who heard the GOP nominee charge that the Roosevelt Administration has “failed utterly” to solve the problem of political freedom and economic security.
He charged:
Saturated as it is with the defeatist theory that America is past its prime, the New Deal can see only two possibilities for America – ever increasing regimentation as one alternative, and reaction as the other. It believes that economic security can only be purchased at the price of freedom.
That argument is false. Our people do not want to see this country dragged further and further toward complete government control over every aspect of our lives. Neither do we want to go back to the reactionary philosophy of dog-eat-dog.
Middle ground urged
There is a middle ground, Governor Dewey insisted, which involves a limited amount of government intervention into the daily lives of business, industry and agriculture.
For example, Governor Dewey said there should be limited government control of money and credit to keep interest rates stable, a government work program to take up the slack in employment which private enterprise cannot absorb, and support prices on basic agricultural products.
He promised that the days when men and women “had to work for whatever they could get” are gone forever.
Governor Dewey proposed three principles of government action which he described as “the exact opposite of the New Deal.” He listed:
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“Its objective must be not to restrict individual economic opportunity but to widen it.”
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“[It] Must be administered by men and women who believe in and understand American workers, American businessmen and American farmers.”
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“The role of government cannot be the purely negative one of correcting abuse, of telling people what they may or may not do.”
Governor Dewey charged that the New Deal “has sought to buy the favor of one group and then of another, has pretended to be the generous uncle for each group, meanwhile playing one against the other for political profit.”