Damn right. And one wonders why I’m not a big fan of old Frankie, despite the efforts of historians who lionize him.
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The President’s special assistant to the President
Tehran, December 1, 1943
Mr. President: It is 8:10.
Do you wish at dinner to introduce the method of our occupation of Germany after her collapse?
HARRY
The President’s special assistant to the President, and the President’s reply
Tehran, December 1, 1943
Mr. President: What do you think of letting the Russians give dinner tonight – your last chance at Russian food
HARRY
OK but I have to leave early as we sleep at the camp.
FDR
Tripartite dinner meeting, 8:30 p.m.
| Present | ||
|---|---|---|
| United States | United Kingdom | Soviet Union |
| President Roosevelt | Prime Minister Churchill | Marshal Stalin |
| Mr. Hopkins | Foreign Secretary Eden | Foreign Commissar Molotov |
| Mr. Harriman | Sir Archibald Clark Kerr | Mr. Pavlov |
| Mr. Bohlen | Major Birse |
The Declaration on Iran and the Conference communiqué were discussed and put into final form.
Communiqué: First Draft (U.S.)
We – The President of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, and the Premier of Soviet Russia, Marshal of the Red Army, have met these four days past, in this city of Tehran, and have bent our united efforts toward solutions of our military and political problems.
We express our determination that our nations shall work together in war and in the peace that will follow.
As to war – our military staffs have joined in our roundtable discussions, and we have concerted our plans for the final destruction of the German forces. We have reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations which will be undertaken from the East, West and South, and arrangements were made to ensure intimate and continuous cooperation.
As to peace – the road is still bloody and hard and long. But the common understanding which he we have here reached guarantees that victory will be ours.
And as to post-war plans – our mutual understanding [?] gives us courage to hope for an enduring peace. We recognize fully our great responsibilities to help in the writing determination of a peace which will meet approval of the greater part of the peoples of the world, and ensure a lasting surcease from war.
With our diplomatic advisors we have surveyed the problems of the future, [(] and we now reiterate our aim to strengthen democratic principles in the world. We shall seek the cooperation and the active participation of all nations, large and small, whose people in heart and mind are dedicated, as are our own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance. We will welcome them, as they may choose to come, into a world family of democratic nations. [)]
[(] We say to the German people:[)]
[(] “We do not seek to enslave you. We do mean to destroy not only your military forces, but also the false leaders who have led a generation of Germans into bitter excesses against common decencies, culminating with your being plunged, by this same leadership, into a useless war which has cost caused millions of your sons to die, and may sacrifice millions more.” [)]
“ No power on earth can prevent our destroying the German armies by land, their submarines by sea, and their industrial war plants from the air. Our attack will be relentless.”
Emerging from these conferences we look with confidence toward the day when all peoples of the world may live free lives, untouched by tyranny, and according to their varying desires and their consciences.
We came here with hope and determination. We leave here, friends in actuality fact, in spirit as well as in purpose.
And we shall meet again as the war – and the peace – progresses!
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
WINSTON CHURCHILL
JOSEPH STALIN
Communiqué: Second Draft (U.S.)
WE – The President of the United States, The Prime Minister of Great Britain, and The Premier of Soviet Russia, Marshal of the Red Army, have met these four days past, in this city of Tehran [& have shaped & formed confirmed our united policy for the future] and have bent our [their] united efforts toward solutions of our their our military and political problems. of the three great allies
We express our determination that our nations shall work together in war and in the peace that will follow.
As to war – our military staffs have joined in our roundtable discussions, and we have concerted our plans for the final destruction of the German forces. We have reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations which will to be undertaken from the East, West and South, and arrangements were made to ensure intimate and continuous cooperation.
The road is still bloody and hard and long. But t The common understanding which we have here reached guarantees that victory will be ours.
And as to peace – our mutual belief we are confident that it will our concord gives us courage to hope that we may will make it endure. We recognize fully our great the supreme responsibilitiesy resting upon us & all the United Nations to help in the determination making of make a peace which will meet approval of the greater part command the good will of the overwhelming mass of the peoples of the world, and ensure a lasting surcease from war banish the scourge & terror of war for many generations.
With our diplomatic advisors we have surveyed the problems of the future. We shall seek the cooperation and the active participation of all nations, large and small, whose peoples in heart and mind are dedicated, as are our own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance. We will welcome them, as they may choose to come, into a world family of democratic nations.
No power on earth can prevent our destroying the German armies by land, their submarines U boats by sea, and their war plants & armies from the air.
Our attack will be relentless & increasing.
Emerging from these cordial conferences we look with confidence toward the day when all peoples of the world may live free lives, untouched by tyranny, and according to their varying desires and their own consciences.
We came here with hope and determination. We leave here, friends in fact, in spirit as well as & in purpose.
And And we shall meet again as the war – and the peace – progresses!
Communiqué: Third Draft (U.S.)
We – The President of the United States, The Prime Minister of Great Britain, and the Premier of the Soviet Russia Union, Marshal of the Red Army, have met these four days past, in this city of Tehran, the capital of our ally, Iran, and have shaped and confirmed our mutual common policy.
We express our determination that our nations shall work together in war and in the peace that will follow.
As to war – our military staffs have joined in our roundtable discussions, and we have concerted our plans for the final destruction of the German forces. We have reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations which will to be undertaken from the East, West and South, and arrangements were made to ensure intimate and continuous cooperation.
The road is still bloody and hard and long. But t The common understanding which we have reached guarantees that victory will be ours.
And as to peace – we are confident sure that our concord will make it win an enduring peace. We recognize fully the supreme responsibility resting upon us and all the United Nations to make a peace which will command the good will of the overwhelming mass of the peoples of the world, and banish the scourge and terror of war for many generations.
With our diplomatic advisors we have surveyed the problems of the future. We shall seek the cooperation and the active participation of all nations, large and small, whose peoples in heart and mind are dedicated, as are our own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance. We will welcome them, as they may choose to come, into a world family of democratic nations.
No power on earth can prevent our destroying the German armies by land, their U-boats by sea, and their war plants and armies from the air.
Our attack will be relentless and increasing.
Emerging from these cordial friendly (in Russian) cordial (in English) conferences we look with confidence to toward the day when all peoples of the world may live free lives, untouched by tyranny, and according to their varying desires and their own consciences.
We came here with hope and determination. We leave here, friends in fact, in spirit and in purpose.
And we shall meet again as the war – and the peace – progresses!
FDR
S
C
Tehran, Iran
December 1, 1943
As corrected this becomes the final draft.
The Declaration on Iran
December 1, 1943
To be released to the Press
8:00 p.m. Moscow Time
December 6, 1943
Declaration of the Three Powers Regarding Iran
The President of the United States, the Premier of the USSR, and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, having consulted with each other and with the Prime Minister of Iran, desire to declare the mutual agreement of their three Governments regarding their relations with Iran.
The Governments of the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom recognize the assistance which Iran has given in the prosecution of the war against the common enemy, particularly by facilitating the transportation of supplies from overseas to the Soviet Union.
The Three Governments realize that the war has caused special economic difficulties for Iran, and they are agreed that they will continue to make available to the Government of Iran such economic assistance as may be possible, having regard to the heavy demands made upon them by their world-wide military operations and to the worldwide shortage of transport, raw materials, and supplies for civilian consumption.
With respect to the post-war period, the Governments of the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom are in accord with the Government of Iran that any economic problems confronting Iran at the close of hostilities should receive full consideration, along with those of other members of the United Nations, by conferences or international agencies held or created to deal with international economic matters.
The Governments of the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom are at one with the Government of Iran in their desire for the maintenance of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran. They count upon the participation of Iran, together with all other peace-loving nations, in the establishment of international peace, security and prosperity after the war, in accordance with the principles of the Atlantic Charter, to which all four Governments have subscribed.
WINSTON S. CHURCHILL
И. СТАЛИН
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
The Military Agreement
Tehran, December 1, 1943
Secret
Military Conclusions of the Tehran Conference
The Conference:
-
Agreed that the Partisans in Yugoslavia should be supported by supplies and equipment to the greatest possible extent, and also by commando operations:
-
Agreed that, from the military point of view, it was most desirable that Turkey should come into the war on the side of the Allies before the end of the year:
-
Took note of Marshal Stalin’s statement that if Turkey found herself at war with Germany, and as a result Bulgaria declared war on Turkey or attacked her, the Soviet would immediately be at war with Bulgaria. The Conference further took note that this fact could be explicitly stated in the forthcoming negotiations to bring Turkey into the war:
-
Took note that Operation OVERLORD would be launched during May 1944, in conjunction with an operation against Southern France. The latter operation would be undertaken in as great a strength as availability of landing-craft permitted. The Conference further took note of Marshal Stalin’s statement that the Soviet forces would launch an offensive at about the same time with the object of preventing the German forces from transferring from the Eastern to the Western Front:
-
Agreed that the military staffs of the three Powers should henceforward keep in close touch with each other in regard to the impending operations in Europe. In particular it was agreed that a cover plan to mystify and mislead the enemy as regards these operations should be concerted between the staffs concerned.
FDR
ИC
WSC
The Pittsburgh Press (December 1, 1943)
Stalin reported meeting Roosevelt and Churchill
Chiang also with ‘Big Three’ in Iran, dispatches from Turkey say
By the United Press
Dispatches received in Lisbon from the Middle East today said that President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin have opened a momentous conference in Tehran, Iran, and that Generalissimo and Mme. Chiang Kai-shek were also in the Iranian capital.
The Lisbon daily O Século published a dispatch quoting the Inter-Information Agency of Ankara that the “Big Three” leaders were meeting in Tehran where they had been joined by Laurence Steinhardt, U.S. Ambassador to Turkey.
It gave no indication as to whether Gen. Chiang would participate. American and other Allied shortwave radio transmitters in broadcasts to the world said that the Chinese leader had conferred with Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill in Cairo recently and suggested that he would also meet Premier Stalin.
Sensation for Nazis
Axis broadcasts and copies of German and neutral European newspapers reaching Lisbon indicated that reports of the meeting had created a sensation throughout the Nazi-occupied continent.
Both Axis and neutral accounts agreed on the importance of the reported conference, particularly in that Stalin was said to be participating.
They indicated that Berlin had been taken by surprise. German propaganda for months has hammered at the idea that Stalin could not be brought into agreement with his allies.
Appeasement for Chinese
Radio Tokyo followed the line that Chiang had been included to “appease” the Chinese for their non-participation in the recent Moscow conference of foreign ministers.
Most broadcasts agreed that a communiqué covering at least the Roosevelt-Churchill-Chiang meeting would be issued sometime this week.
Almost all the broadcasts reported the meetings without qualification and said they were “announced” in a dispatch carried by the British news agency Reuters from Lisbon.
Cairo communications cut
An American broadcast to France, typical of all the Allied broadcasts, said that all communications between Cairo and the outside world were cut during the lengthy conference among Mr. Roosevelt, Mr. Churchill and Generalissimo Chiang. One of the meetings was said to have been held in a tent in the shadow of the Pyramids.
Mr. Roosevelt and Generalissimo Chiang, who was accompanied by Mme. Chiang, flew to Egypt and Mr. Churchill arrived by ship, the broadcast said.
Broadcast by Dakar
The American broadcast said:
The President of the United States, the British Premier and the chief of the Chinese government, following their meeting in Cairo, are now heading for an unknown destination, in order to meet Marshal Stalin.
The Allied-controlled stations in Dakar and Brazzaville, as well as that in Leopoldville, made similar broadcasts.
The Germans, apparently monitoring a Reuters broadcast to its overseas clients, picked up the British agency’s Lisbon dispatch and reissued it to Nazi foreign clients within a half-hour yesterday, the Office of War Information reported.
Nazi propaganda
Quickly developing their propaganda line, the Germans put out a dispatch under the signature of Dr. Siegfried Horn, DNB’s diplomatic correspondent, saying that the United States and Britain had been forced to “make concessions to the Soviet Union.”
Though his agency relayed the report through the medium of American shortwave broadcasts, Director Elmer Davis of the OWI denounced Reuters’ distribution of the dispatch reporting the three- and four-power meetings as “reprehensible.”
If such a conference had been held, he said, it could be assumed from past experience that some arrangement would be made for a simultaneous announcement “in all the capitals involved.”
Sees broken release
Mr. Davis said:
If that were the case, Reuters broke the release date. If there were no conference, the story would be an invention. Either way, it is equally reprehensible.
Mr. Davis said OWI broadcast the report because, since “everybody else” was handling it, the OWI should “give its own customers something, too.”
The Reuters Agency, according to a Dow Jones report from London, today took exception to the criticism by Elmer Davis, saying he should have made a search for the facts on the Roosevelt-Churchill-Stalin conference. Reuters said there was no embargo or restriction agreed, or otherwise, on sending anywhere the story of the meeting. The story was the result of spontaneous journalistic enterprise by Douglas Brown, chief of the Reuters bureau in Lisbon. Reuters said it was not allowed to publish the story in London but sent it to clients overseas.
Says Beneš may attend
The Stockholm Svenska Dagbladet reported from Berne that both President Roosevelt and Mr. Churchill arrived in North Africa by warship, accompanied by high military authorities and diplomats. The dispatch said that Edvard Beneš, President of the Czech government-in-exile, was expected to attend the meeting involving Marshal Stalin as an observer, while the French Committee of National Liberation would also be represented.
The dispatch said:
The meeting [with Marshal Stalin] is expected to formulate conditions for Germany’s capitulation and probably will result in an Allied declaration to the German people and a similar declaration to the satellites urging the withdrawal of their troops to their own countries.
An earlier Ankara dispatch reported that U.S. Ambassador Steinhardt had returned to Ankara last night after a week-long “mysterious trip” which foreign circles linked with a three-power meeting. The “foreign” sources suggested that Mr. Steinhardt had been summoned to give expert counsel to Mr. Roosevelt in view of Turkey’s possible role in an offensive in Southeastern Europe.
British papers ignore report of parley
London, England (UP) –
British morning newspapers today ignored a Reuters Lisbon dispatch saying that President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek had completed conferences at Cairo and printed only Axis speculation on the prospects of a conference.
The BBC also did not carry the Reuters report in either its home or shortwave programs, though some references to the dispatch were made in a program called America Calling Britain, which originates in the United States.
Musel: Stalin may ask safeguard against third World War
Soviet Premier would bar future German armies by using enemy manpower for reconstruction
By Robert Musel, United Press staff writer
London, England –
Premier Stalin may lay before President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill at their prospective meeting a plan to forestall German preparations for a third World War by recruiting Germany’s manpower to rebuild devastated Europe.
The Germans, foreseeing the possibility of defeat in this war, were reported systemically annihilating the manpower of occupied countries to handicap their recuperation in the post-war years and give Germany a head start in preparing for another war within 10-15 years.
Sources usually familiar with Soviet policy predicted that Marshal Stalin was preparing to propose a staggering demand on the Reich’s manpower to accomplish the double purpose of rebuilding Europe and keeping the war timber of the future out of Germany.
In occupied Europe, an area almost half the size of the United States must be rebuilt. The Germans themselves have stated that an organization one million strong would require several decades to restore occupied Russia alone, and the Soviets probably envision even a greater reconstruction army.
By transporting potential German soldiers out of the Reich for such reconstruction, informants said, any attempt to organize a powerful, though illegal, army inside Germany would be thwarted and the youth would be exposed to other regimes that might help counteract the indoctrinated Hitler ideology.
These sources said that it was no coincidence that the American and British correspondents were taken to the scene of the Babi Yar slaughter of tens of thousands of Russians during their recent tour of Kiev.
The Babi Yar massacre was symptomatic of the planned annihilation of manpower which the Germans have practiced with increasing desperation throughout Europe as the hopelessness of their cause has become apparent, informants maintained.
YANKS SURGE TWO MILES IN ITALY
British force mopping up on 15-mile front
All-out Allied offensive imminent, Cairo reports
By C. R. Cunningham, United Press staff writer
…
Yanks again hit West Germany
Raid follows night blow by RAF Mosquitoes
By Walter Cronkite, United Press staff writer
…
From inside Germany –
Nazis will outlast winter, travelers from Reich insist
People seem dazed by high cost of Hitler’s war
By Henry J. Taylor, Scripps-Howard staff writer
…
Beef points are reduced 30%
OPA order is effective on Sunday, Dec. 5; butter unchanged
…
Taxes imperil rent ceilings
Boost in real estate levy studied by OPA
…
Gripsholm docks –
Eternal guard over Japanese deemed need
Sunbury, Pennsylvania, repatriate sees no end to era of hate
…
Kaiser asks Navy to end confusion on plant guards
‘Duplication of authority’ cited as one reason for lag of production at Brewster airplane plant
By Fred W. Perkins, Pittsburgh Press staff writer
…
Cadet’s blue dream dress is black or nothing at all
…
Fight for tax on oleo pushed
Dairy bloc fears for its post-war markets
By Robert Taylor, Press Washington correspondent
…
Gilbert lesson will be put to immediate use
Adm. Nimitz returns from trip to conquered Pacific islands
By William F. Tyree, United Press staff writer
…