America at war! (1941– ) (Part 1)

[NormanStewart]

‘The Judge,’ old warrior, was prepared for war

Lewis Stone’s evacuation regiment has full equipment and corps of drivers and other aides
By Sigrid Arne, Wide World News

HOLLYWOOD – Lewis Stone – who may he just Andy Hardy’s father to you – was the only one of the Hollywood celestials who had the foresight to see, some time ago, that war might come right home.

He has a well-organized home defense unit going strong right now – his “evacuation regiment.” To date it includes 110 station wagons (this area probably has the densest station wagon registration in the county) and about 300 drivers and aides. The regiment is part of the California State Guard. It’s been drilling for months.

Most of the regiment is just Mr. Smith and Mrs. Jones, who live in the San Fernando Valley, where Stone lives. But the roster includes Robert Young, Dead-Pan Buster Keaton and Richard Shirer, a movie writer.

Stone drills them every Tuesday night: Foot drill, first aid, driving in the dark, repairing autos. He has obtained the loan of a Warner movie stage in Hollywood which has been turned into an armory with 24-hour telephone service. There are cots to sleep the whole regiment in case of emergency.

Chauffeurs – mostly drivers from the movie studios – are signed on as aides just in case the cars break down. Woman owners of station cars can only register their cars.

Was major in last war

Stone was a major in the last war. He’s just finished a picture in which he plays – guess what. An Army officer.

The woman stars are finding their own niches.

Ida Lupino has been training for some time with a British-American ambulance corps. She’s ready now to tinker with magnetos in a blackout, or set bones.

The Women’s Emergency Corps seems to be the movie girls’ baby. It leaped into being the day after bombs dropped on Pearl Harbor. The group has corralled an empty store in Beverly Hills and they’re swamped with volunteers.

Rosalind Russell is a moving spirit. So is Mrs. Ray Milland. Miss Russell’s arranging to have the corps go through the same course of sprouts that Stone is giving his men. On her own, Miss Russell is spending one night a week at a Red Cross first aid school with her friends, Ann Sothern and Hedy Lamarr.

She says, ‘‘it just occurred to me that there are plenty of older women to knit and roll bandages, and that home defense needs younger women, like me and mv friends, for much more energetic jobs.”

These night study groups will be plenty difficult in Hollywood because the studios have announced working hours will be 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., in order to have the studios dark by nightfall. For woman stars that means getting up at 5 a.m. because of the tedious make-up process.

Carole Landis thought she would be all set to ferry airplanes. She has been taking flying lessons. But she hadn’t gone far enough when the Army ordered all private planes grounded around Los Angeles. So now she is enrolling in an aerial nurse corps. She’s vague about the duties but it’s got “air” in the title.

At the Paramount lot Claudette Colbert has put everyone to work knitting between scenes. She not only supplies the needles and the wool yarn, but she has offered to teach anyone who doesn’t know how to whip up an army sweater.

Mary Martin, on the same lot, has a new baby so she must be home nights. But she tacked this sign on the bulletin board, “Please turn in all worn pillow cases and sheets to the wardrobe room. I will see that they are delivered to a bandage center.”

Hope spurred to art

The young starlets on the Paramount lot are so thrilled about the boys on the Pacific that they’ve formed a “Bundles for Blue Jackets”. They’re dunning every one for folding money.

The first blackout spurred several of the men into action. Bob Hope peeked out of his darkened house, and seethed when he saw several neighbors ignoring the blackout. He popped out and ran up and down streets yelling, “lights out.” His neighbors obeyed.

Lou Costello played volunteer air-raid warden so successfully that he took to his bed with a cold. Pat O’Brien was a light-putter-outer in the swank Brentwood movie colony.

Actually, the Hollywood undertone is serious. Most of the younger actors are merely marking time until they’re drafted – and they bid fare well to $1,000-a-week salary checks.

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Their revealing laughter

The smiles, chuckles and guffaws of the stars are trademarks

HOLLYWOOD – Many a Hollywood screen star has a laugh that is as well-known and as pleasing to audiences as his or her face.

Ann Sheridan’s low, throaty, Texas chuckle is part and parcel of her present tremendous screen popularity. It is a hearty laugh, full of amusement and the joy of living. It matches Ann’s vivid personality and spectacular beauty. It has been recorded many times in “The Man Who Came to Dinner” and it will be heard again in certain scenes of her newest and most dramatic screen effort, “Kings Row.”

James Cagney does not often laugh aloud, either in real life or in his pictures. When he does, it is a low, short, infectious laugh which matches his soft-voiced manner off the screen. He never guffaws, on the screen or off. When amused in real life, he is apt to say, “That’s very funny,” and grin rather than laugh aloud. He grins in his new picture, “Captains of the Clouds,” and a few scenes in which he registers real amusement by chuckling. But his new picture is a story of the serious business of readying fighting planes for England in Canada and, because it is true to life and was actually filmed in Canada in part, he does not laugh often nor long.

Olivia’s is hearty

Bette Davis, who is making one of her infrequent essays at comedy in “The Man Who Came to Dinner,” has a hearty laugh that has been called a “loud laugh.” No one has suggested, however, that in Bette’s case it speaks a “vacant mind.” Bette gives her emotions full sway in whatever she does – including her frequent laughter.

Olivia de Havilland is another actress who has a hearty and at times almost a loud laugh. She is great fun to talk to, because her amused moments are very real, and she is pretty when she laughs – as well as at all other times. Errol Flynn, who has been her screen hero in many important pictures, including the recently completed “They Died with Their Boots On,” does not often laugh uproariously either in pictures or out of them. But his grin is infectious and pleasant to see.

Jane Wyman has a delightful giggle, which has endeared her to millions and which will doubtless be heard again and again in the picture “You’re in the Army Now.”

Alan Hale has one of the loudest laughs in Hollywood and works it more than the average player. He has great fun in life and usually in pictures. He helps keep the “Captains of the Clouds’’ cast and crew cheerful.

Even Bogart laughs

Humphrey Bogart, who plays meanies more often than not, laughs readily off the screen and pleasantly when his director lets him register amusement during the making of a picture. He is involved in serious screen business just now, however, with “All Through the Night,” which follows his success in “The Maltese Falcon,” and so his unexpected, pleasant laugh will be heard but a few times. It is as highly Individual, however, as the menace of his screen face.

George Brent has a low, pleasant chuckle which is pleasant to hear from the screen, while Frank McHugh has made his thin, high, cackling laugh a trade-mark wherever he appears. It Is being heard now in “All Through the Night.” John Garfield laughs a normal, natural laugh, but he can on occasion and in some of his pictures, put a sneer behind it that gives it a character entirely different from his own. He will laugh like that in “Dangerously They Live.”

Edward G. Robinson has a dignified laugh that only occasionally gets out of bounds on the screen. Like Bogart, he seldom plays a laughing role except when the laugh can be taken with a double meaning. Dennis Morgan has a handsome and pleasant laugh which comes easily and to which audiences always react pleasantly. It will be heard next, along with Cagney’s short chuckle and Alan Hale’s guffaws, in “Captains of the Clouds.”

Wholesome Ronald

Ronald Reagan, another “white hope” for early stardom on the Warner Bros. roster, has a wholesome, open-mouthed laugh which is becoming known for its pleasant screen qualities. He laughs in spite of all that happens to him as Drake McHugh in “Kings Row.”

Monty Woolley, playing the title role in “The Man Who Came to Dinner,” has a toothy, explosive laugh that breaks out of his famous beard when needed for picture purposes or private amusement.

In fact, laughter and laughs are important in and to almost every picture made in Hollywood. As Fredric March, playing the leading role in “One Foot in Heaven,” demonstrates in the picture, a laugh can save many a serious situation.

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Women must keep fit to help in war, Alice Marble says

Defense aide tells how they assist nation in crisis
By Jessie Fant Evans

“One way for women to be effective in helping with national defense is for us to make ourselves as physically fit as possible to do the jobs that are assigned to us,” says Alice Marble, former world tennis champion and now assistant director of civilian defense in charge of national physical training for women.

“We must now do things in a hurry,” she added. “Hurry eats up vitality and reserve strength. It therefore behooves us to build up and maintain our physical reserves for this necessary acceleration by eating sensibly, dressing sensibly and getting sensible amounts of sleep, rest and fresh air if we are to give our best in the program for essential volunteer tasks.”

Miss Marble personifies the physical fitness she commends to others. She knows all about achieving it the hard way, too. from personal experience. A severe illness once necessitated a two-year regime of recuperation. By means of a rigid schedule of diet, exercise and rest, she regained top tennis form.

Self-discipline necessary

“Women who really want to help with defense,” she told this interviewer, “have to be able to take hours of physical strain and discomfort in an unvarying and sometimes monotonous schedule. A routine of self-discipline is necessary for achievement at any given task. It can be fun, too, if we put sufficient interest in it, and enough unselfish thought for others. Any kind of giving comes out of the deep well springs of our generosity and thoughtfulness for others. These must be continuously replenished from within, if we are to continue to be reservoirs of strength for others.”

Slender, erect, carrying herself with superb poise she emphasized the necessity for women to have physical checkups before volunteering for arduous types of defense work. In this connection she pointed out that nervous, underweight women, who are tired and hysterical can be a drag on the wheels of defense rather than accelerators of its program.

“This is certainly no time for any woman who expects to serve in defense work to be experimenting with losing weight on a diet that does not have the sanction of her physician,” she said.

She suggested that women of America learn what Army nutrition experts are doing in stressing proper vitamin, mineral and caloric content in the meals for Uncle Sam’s selectees.

In her opinion, it is important for women not to neglect systematic exercise even though they may be in defense work. “Exercise can take any form we prefer as individuals,” she continued. "It doesn’t have to be regimented into any one’s pet set-up. Remember everyone can walk! Roller skating, riding a bicycle, bowling, ice skating, yes and croquet, for its bending and stretching value, are other simple forms of readily available exercise. Of course, I naturally think tennis is the greatest game in the world.”

Miss Marble believes women should realize that if they are going to be effective in canteen work and other forms of service, where long hours of standing is necessary, they must wear shoes that give their feet proper support said not teeter around on high-heeled shoes.

In her talks to college girls throughout the United States, Miss Marble is stressing the need for them to carry on as effectively as possible under the carefully correlated conditions of study and exercise laid down for them by educational authorities.

College girls can help

“They can best help,” she said, “by volunteering for defense activities in afterhours time that will not interfere with routine schedules. Under no circumstances should college girls even contemplate dropping their courses to come rushing home on a wave of emotionalism that can serve no definite purpose. The world of tomorrow is going to need the trained, disciplined intelligence with which most of our colleges are equipping them to meet its problems.”

In a period of national emergency, Miss Marble reminded, it takes an aggregate of about 17 people at home to take care of one man at the front, so that in the words of a familiar hymn, ‘‘From duty’s claims no life is free, behold, today hath need of thee.”

Miss Marble will tour the nine regions in which this country has been divided for military and civilian and defense operations. In the leading cities of these areas, she will confer with mayors and educational leaders to put into speedy action plans to raise the standards of health in this country both for this wartime emergency and afterward.

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Reading Eagle (December 28, 1941)

Casualty list rises as ruins are searched

Damage from Jap bombings estimated at $2,500,000; 40 dead, 150 wounded
By Frank Hewlett

MANILA, Sunday (UP) – Rescue crews searched for dead and wounded in the charred wreckage of Manila’s ancient walled city today as the angry populace roared a demand for the U.S. Army to return to a “last man” stand after murderous Japanese air bombardment of this officially declared “open” capital.

While firemen sprayed water on the last smoldering embers of churches and schools, the predominantly Catholic population went to early Mass through debris-spattered narrow streets. And the watchword on every hand was: “We can take it like London did!”

Troubled eyes anxiously searched the skies for new waves of Japanese planes, but only two enemy aircraft appeared over the city shortly after dawn.

They flew low over the city, presumably inspecting the havoc wrought in Manila’s most densely-populated area.

The death toll was feared heavy. Early reports showed at least 40 persons killed and 150 wounded – some of them nuns whose smashed bodies still were being removed from ancient religious edifices which bore the brunt of the savage assault.

$2,500,000 damage

Damage in the walled city was placed unofficially at 5,000,000 pesos (about $2,500,000).

Winds that threatened to carry the flames to other parts of Manila abated during the night and firemen were able to confine the blaze to a relatively small area.

The Japanese attack struck the old walled city only 30 hours after Gen. Douglas MacArthur, commander of United States forces in the Far East, formally declared the capital an “open city” and left Manila with all U.S. and Philippine forces, along with President Manuel Quezon and the heads of the Philippines government.

As daylight faded, flames from the blazing old structures made a mockery of Manila’s blackout.

Under control

But by mid-evening, Manila’s firemen, after hours of heroic work, reported they believed they had the conflagration under control unless the wind rose. The million-dollar Manila Cathedral, Santo Tomas Medical College and other threatened structures in the old city would be saved, it was believed.

Fires also blazed in the port area. From the windows of the United Press office, they appeared to be dying down but there was still no report from fire department officials whether they had been brought under control.

But Santo Domingo Church – built by the Dominicans in 1588 – was gone, its weathered stucco walls crushed by bombs and its massive timberwork consumed by flames. The loss estimated by the Dominicans was $2,000,000 or more without taking into account the priceless relics, including a bejeweled image of the Holy Rosary said to be worth $350,000.

Longest of war

The Japanese bombing of purely civilian objectives climaxed the longest air raid of the war on Manila – an attack of three hours and 22 minutes which followed a 40-minute raid early in the morning.

The Nipponese airmen had been droning over Manila’s harbor endlessly, flight after flight, blasting at ships at anchor and at the great piers which in peacetime are laden with supplies destined for the seven seas.

Suddenly the Japanese planes veered over the old walled city, some of whose buildings date back to the 1500s.

At exactly 1:46 p.m., a salvo of heavy bombs whistled down through the air. With a roar that rocked the city for blocks around, the bombs crunched down along the northern edge of the walled city, about a mile and a half from the main port area and close to the spot where Magellan landed on Pasig River.

The destruction was terrific. The area, a congested region normally populated by about 100,000 persons – many Spaniards and Chinese – had been considered safe from Japanese bombing under the “open city” proclamation.

Church wrecked

Incendiary and explosive bombs plopped down on old Santo Domingo Church where Dominican priests have celebrated Mass each day since 1588 when they built the edifice. Others hit the adjoining convent. People were in the chapel at their daily prayer when the bombs struck. Only a few near the door reached the street. Witnesses saw eight dead and about 20 seriously injured carried from the wreckage.

Across the street, Santa Rosa College, another old structure, suffered minor damage. About 30 automobiles on the street were wrecked.

Half an hour later, a second batch of bombs fell into the old city, hitting the old Intendencia Building which houses the Philippine Treasury, Mint and Budget Commission, and Santa Catalina College for Girls. The Intendencia Building is a massive structure with four-foot walls, once used by the Spanish governors as their official residence.

Fires blazed up around the brown stucco towers of Santo Domingo Church and for a time it appeared the entire Intramuros would be threatened when firemen were unable to play more than weak streams of water upon the flames that swept through the ancient wooden structures.

Streets cluttered

Santo Domingo Church was almost wiped out. The bomb blast scattered its debris over several adjoining streets and for a block around it was almost impossible to make one’s way through the clutter of galvanized tin roofing material, broken glass and wooden window frames.

When I arrived on the scene, flames were just disappearing from the church dome and firefighters had not yet arrived. I paused briefly to examine a bomb crater – 20 feet across – in the churchyard. Another bomb, probably made from American scrap iron, had uprooted a three-foot tree.

The flames from Santo Domingo’s ruins swept west, seriously endangering the million-dollar Manila Catholic Cathedral, a more modern structure. The flames from Santa Rosa College swept out of control toward Santo Tomas Medical College, the Philippine Appeals Court Building and the American Army-Navy YMCA.

But after hours of effort, firemen appeared to have the principal fires under control.

Worse than quakes

Damage done by the attack rivaled that of the terrific earthquakes which have plagued Manila. The history of the walled city goes back more than 250 years. The walls, which gave Intramuros its name, were started in 1584. Old Fort Santiago was built in 1600 and many of the buildings had stood up through the terrific earth shocks of 1645, 1863 and 1880. Some of those buildings were mere piles of debris today.

One cluster of Japanese bombs fell directly on Magellan’s Landing, shearing off the superstructure of a ship moored alongside, and sinking a small tug. But the statue of Ferdinand Magellan, who discovered the Philippines in 1521 and brought its first taste of Western civilization, stood unscathed, its profile gleaming back against the background of flames, smoke and destruction.

More than a dozen big Japanese bombs fell inside the old walled city during the attack.

Acting Philippine Budget Commissioner Pio Pedrosa was injured in the explosion and, it was said, may be forced to undergo amputation of his right leg. Other government officials in the building were not hurt since they had taken refuge in the undamaged vault.

One report from civilians said that the Japanese planes which carried out most of their attack from an elevation of 10,000 feet swooped down and machine-gunned some persons on the street as they emerged from the Intendencia Building.

Before the sudden rain of bombs on the old city, the Japanese in flight after flight had been concentrating on Manila Harbor.

In their lengthy attack, the Japanese were reported to have scored direct hits on three ships and inflicted considerable damage to piers.

Nine at a time

From a half-mile away, I watched the Japanese attack the harbor, they flew over in perfect formation, nine silver bombers at a time, and blasted again and again at the ships.

After dropping a few more bombs on the piers and waterfront buildings, the Japanese flew over the city. They dropped leaflets telling the Filipinos that the war was only against the Americans.

Hardly had the leaflets showered down when the city rocked under the blast of Japanese bombs dropped directly on the city’s residential area.

I ran for my car but the driver couldn’t be found and he had locked the doors. I started to hunt for him but, perhaps luckily, did not find him at once, since within half an hour, another load of bombs dumped down into the Intramuros, where I was headed.

Finally, I located my driver and started for the walled city. I was headed for the USAFFE headquarters – headquarters now guarded only by a few policemen. I found it intact but an officer pointed toward Jones Bridge as a scene of damage.

Abandons car

Soon I was forced to abandon my car and pushed ahead through throngs of civilians scurrying away from danger areas, their arms loaded with a few possessions, crying babies and, occasionally, suitcases.

The first destruction I saw was near Santa Catalina College where homes were smashed and the street was littered with debris and the air filled with dust from the crumbled stucco buildings. A small bomb had smashed through a dormitory room, making kindling of the chairs and bunks. Fortunately, the school has been closed since the start of the war or the death toll would have been heavy. A watchman said one student in the building was killed and a nun badly hurt.

Some bombs hit several cars. Observers believed the bombs might be intended for small boats and barges along the Pasig River although they fell as far as a mile away. Constabulary Chief Guillermo Francisco ordered the craft out of the river into the bay as a precaution.

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Report newspaperman killed at Wake Island

RENO, Nevada, Dec. 27 (UP) – Joe F. McDonald Sr., editor of the Nevada State Journal, has been advised that his son, Joe F. McDonald, 25, United Press correspondent at Wake Island, was killed in a Japanese air raid.

McDonald was one of 14 casualties among the 1,200 civilian workers in the island, Sen. Pat McCarran, D-Nevada, told his father last night.

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Manhattan New Year whoopee will cost $10 to $20 a head

NEW YORK, Dec. 27 (INS) – From East Side juke joint to West Side plush palace, New York seesawed today between making New Year’s Eve an all-out celebration or saving tin for next year’s tax collection.

On the better-bistro circuit, reports ranged from “not so good” at Fefe’s Monte Carlo ($20 a head and no mark-off for bald ones) to “much better than last year” at the Versailles ($12.50 for one).

The Rainbow Room, with a $15 price tag on its party, said that advance reservations were “about the same as last year,” and the Waldorf-Astoria with two party rooms open at the $145 price gave a like report.

Monte Carlo’s $20 price was high in the field but the management reported that the stream of reservations pouring in weeks ago had shut off sharply since the war.

A good average for a night on the town in one of the better known palaces on New Year’s Eve would be $10 to $15 per person.

The Stork Club set a modest $10 on the holiday evening, but it was expected that only familiars would get past the bat to the throne room beyond which is about the size of your living room.

Although New Year’s Eve is commonly thought of as the property of the nightclub owners, there were others preparing for its celebration.

Citizens with subway fare and the price of a fish horn will, of course, wind up in Times Square where the entertainment provided is of the people, by the people and for the people. At the moment, the privilege of herding in Times Square on New Year’s Eve still stands, although there were preliminary fears than the police might forbid it.

Hosts to other thousands who prefer praying to playing when the New Year is at hand will be New York’s hundreds of churches, most of which will conduct special watchnight services.

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New York ‘nightspots’ plan for New Year’s Eve

NEW YORK, Dec. 27 (AP) – Manhattan’s nightspots, geared into a $15-per-person top, reported today that New Year’s Eve reservations were already “near capacity.”

In the larger hotels and night clubs the price of supper with entertainment, noisemakers and favors ranged from $5 to $145. Theaters quoted prices varying from $1.10 to $8.80, with an average top of $4.40.

Harry E. Bruckman, chairman of the state liquor authority, said 1,883 permits had been issued thus far for all-night sale of liquor. Last year’s total was 2,100.

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Message of Support to the Philippines by the President
December 28, 1941

The People of the Philippines:

News of your gallant struggle against the Japanese aggressor has elicited the profound admiration of every American. As President of the United States, I know that I speak for all our people on this solemn occasion.

The resources of the United States, of the British Empire, of the Netherlands East Indies, and of the Chinese Republic have been dedicated by their people to the utter and complete defeat of the Japanese war lords. In this great struggle of the Pacific the loyal Americans of the Philippine Islands are called upon to play a crucial role.

They have played, and they are playing tonight, their part with the greatest gallantry.

As President I wish to express to them my feeling of sincere admiration for the fight they are now making.

The people of the United States will never forget what the people of the Philippine Islands are doing this day and will do in the days to come. I give to the people of the Philippines my solemn pledge that their freedom will be redeemed and their independence established and protected. The entire resources, in men and in material, of the United States stand behind that pledge.

It is not for me or for the people of this country to tell you where your duty lies. We are engaged in a great and common cause. I count on every Philippine man, woman, and child to do his duty. We will do ours.

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U.S. Navy Department (December 28, 1941)

Press Release

For Immediate Release
December 28, 1941

The Navy Department tonight announced the Japanese government is circulating rumors for the obvious purpose of persuading the United States to disclose the location and intentions of the American Pacific Fleet. It is obvious that these rumors are intended for and directed at the Philippine Islands.

The Philippines may rest assured that while the United States Navy will not be tricked into disclosing vital information, the fleet is not idle. The United States Navy is following an intensive and well-planned campaign against the Japanese forces which will result in positive assistance to the defense of the Philippine Islands.

[NormanStewart]

Völkischer Beobachter (December 29, 1941)

Ununterbrochen landen japanische Verstärkungen
Die Lage auf den Philippinen immer kritischer

dnb. Stockholm, 28. Dezember
Auf den Philippinen wird die Lage der nordamerikanischen Verteidigung, wie Reuter zugeben muß, immer kritischer. Dabei versucht sich die britische Agentur mit der Feststellung zu trösten, der Ernst der Lage in den nordamerikanischen Besitzungen sei seit Kriegsbeginn vorauszusehen gewesen, da die Japaner überraschend gleichzeitig alle Verbindungspunkte mit dem amerikanischen Kontinent angegriffen und damit die Verteidigung um so schwieriger gestaltet hätten.

Auch zwei von United Press verbreitete nordamerikanische Berichte über die Lage der USA-Streitkräfte auf den Philippinen bestätige die unheilvolle Entwicklung der Kämpfe gegen die Japaner nördlich und südlich von Manila, wo die Angreifer, die ununterbrochen durch auf dem Seewege herangebrachte Einheiten verstärkt werden, auf die Hauptstadt vorstoßen. Die Verteidiger, die von General MacArthur, nach seinem Auszug aus dem Hauptquartier in Manila, persönlich befehligt würden, versuchten den japanischen Vormarsch aufzuhalten, während die Japaner unentwegt angriffen, und ein stetiger Strom von Verstärkungen von den Transportern nordwestlich und südöstlich der Küste von Luzon an Land gehe.

Die Verteidiger im Norden lieferten ein hartnäckiges Rückzugsgefecht, um eine neue und stärkere Verteidigungslinie zu erreichen, die sich in der Pampanga-Ebene befindet, auf die die Japaner von den Höhenzügen Lingayens aus heranschwärmten. Im Süden hätten die Japaner eine heftige Offensive aus dem Gebiet von Atimonan vorgetragen. Im Norden und Süden der Insel strömten, wie ein Bericht erklärt, Tausende und aber Tausende japanischer Verstärkungen von den Transportschiffen an Land.

Manila — „Nervenzentrum des Widerstandes“

Der amtliche Sprecher der Armeeabteilung im Kaiserlichen Hauptquartier erklärte Domei zufolge, daß die japanischen Truppen auf Luzon die Erklärung Manilas zur unverteidigten Stadt deshalb zurückweisen, weil die Stadt bisher das Nervenzentrum des philippinischen Widerstandes war und in nächster Umgebung von wichtigen militärischen und Marineeinrichtungen umgeben ist. Er betonte jedoch, daß sich die japanischen Kampfhandlungen strengstens auf Angriffe militärischer Ziele beschränken würden und daß nichts unternommen werde, was selbst nur entfernt dem nordamerikanischen Massaker unschuldiger japanischer Staatsangehöriger ähneln könnte, das stattfand, kurz bevor die Japaner eine Landung auf Davao erzwangen. Wie der Sprecher erklärte, wünschen die japanischen Streitkräfte auf den Philippinen, daß sich die philippinischen und amerikanischen Nichtkämpfer, die augenblicklich in Manila verbleiben, auf zwei Punkte in der Nähe der Stadt zurückziehen, die vom japanischen Oberkommando besonders bezeichnet werden, nämlich Antipolo und Montalban. Er erklärte, daß diese Städte nahe genug bei Manila liegen, und daß alle Zivilisten, die sich dorthin zurückziehen, nach dem Eintreffen der japanischen Streitkräfte dort die geeignete Behandlung und Pflege erhalten werden.

Der Sprecher betonte schließlich, daß die Japaner auf Luzon das Feuer erst nach der formellen Übergabe der nordamerikanischen Streitkräfte und nicht eher einstellen würden. Er erklärte, daß das Kaiserliche Hauptquartier die Erklärung Manilas zur unverteidigten Stadt als einen Versuch auslegt, unter den Philippinen eine antijapanische Einstellung hervorzurufen, indem man sie vorsätzlich in die tatsächlichen Feindseligkeiten verwickelt. Es sei bezeichnend, daß die USA-Behörden den Philippinos den Befehl erteilt hätten, trotz des Herannahens der Japaner Manila nicht zu räumen.

USA-Flugzeuge nicht zu sehen

Es kostet den in Manila lebenden Nordamerikanern viel Mühe, den Eingeborenen zu erklären, warum Japan, das doch angeblich einem wirtschaftlichen Zusammenbruch nahesteht, den Luftraum vollkommen beherrscht, während von seiten der USA immer behauptet wurde, daß die USA imstande seien, monatlich annähernd 2000 Flugzeuge zu bauen, so drahtet ein USA-Korrespondent aus Manila über die tiefe Enttäuschung der Eingeborenen über die Inaktivität der Vereinigten Staaten.

Der Korrespondent gibt offen zu, es habe sehr entmutigend auf die Soldaten gewirkt, als sie beobachteten, daß die japanischen Flugzeuge ungestört fliegen, Bomben abwerfen und schießen konnten und daß die Flugzeuge der USA nicht zu sehen waren.

Stimsons leere Versprechungen

Wie United Press aus Washington meldet, hat Kriegsminister Stimson dem Philippinen-Präsident Manuel Quezon am Samstag versichert, daß, sobald die nordamerikanische Macht organisiert sei, die USA-Truppen in Massen erscheinen und den Angreifer aus dem Lande treiben werden. (!)

Angesichts der überwältigenden Überlegenheit der siegreichen japanischen Truppen sind derartige leere Versprechungen des hereingefallenen Kriegshetzers Stimson wahrlich ein magerer Trost.

Erstes Funkbild von der Besetzung Hongkongs durch die Japaner

Britische Gefangene werden abgeführt (Funkbild: Weltbild)

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Japans Antwort

Von Dr. W. Koppen

Der Londoner „Daily Express“ vom der Kreise in Washington über den Verlauf eines englisch-amerikanischen Angriffs auf Japan in der kurzen Formel zusammen: „In drei Wochen wird alles vorbei sein.“ Der englische Berichterstatter konnte sich dabei auf Roosevelts Marineminister Knox berufen, der sich in diesem Sinne geäußert hatte. Er hatte in USA-Zeitschriften Aufsätze amerikanischer Sachverständiger gelesen, die erklärten, man werde den Kernraum der japanischen Inseln binnen vierzehn Tagen derart zusammenbombardieren, daß die Japaner schleunigst zu Kreuze kriechen müßten, daß Nippon durch den Chinakrieg gelähmt sei, Mangel an wichtigen Rohstoffen leide und mit seiner Luftflotte wenig anfangen könne. Denn der Pazifik sei bereits ein „amerikanisches Meer“ und die Übernahme eines Protektorats über Ostasien seitens der USA nur eine Frage kurzer Zeit.

Ende der dritten Kriegswoche ist durchaus noch nicht „alles vorbei“. Der Kampf hat erst begonnen, aber er hat Japan bereits in den Besitz wichtigster Trümpfe gesetzt und die Berechnungen seiner Feinde durchkreuzt. Hongkong mußte kapitulieren. In Malaien stehen die Japaner mitten in den wichtigsten Kautschuk- und Zinndistrikten der Welt und befinden sich im Besitz der größten britischen Flughäfen der Halbinsel, und sie sind aufs engste mit Thailand und Indochina verbündet, während die Amerikaner bereits die Philippinen abzuschreiben beginnen und Wake und Guam verloren haben. Schließlich sind japanische Streitkräfte auf Nordborneo gelandet und haben in Südchina die Offensive gegen die Tschungking-Truppen wiederaufgenommen.

Diese Kette von Erfolgen ist die Frucht der ersten schweren Schläge gegen die Pazifikflotte der USA, welche die Marineluftwaffe der Japaner in der Frühe des 8. Dezember führte und die dem Gegner die Möglichkeit nahm, die weit ausholenden Landungsoperationen auf Malakka, den Philippinen, Nordborneo und den USA-Stützpunkt im westlichen Pazifik zu behindern. Als die Briten von Singapur aus ihre schwersten Einheiten einsetzten, um die Ausschiffung japanischer Truppen an der Ostküste Malaiens zu unterbinden, traf sie am 10. Dezember wie ein Blitzstrahl jener Luftangriff, dem die Schlachtschiffe „Prince of Wales“ und „Repulse“ zum Opfer fielen. Die amerikanischen und englischen Luftstreitkräfte aber wurden in Singapur und Manila, Pearl Harbour und Rangoon so zerschmetternd getroffen, daß die Japaner über allen Kampfräumen auch die Luftherrschaft besitzen.

Sieben Schlachtschiffe und mehrere Kreuzer sowie eine Anzahl kleinerer Einheiten des Gegners wurden versenkt, vier Schlachtschiffe und sechs Kreuzer auf längere Zeit außer Gefecht gesetzt, bis zum 22. Dezember fast 800 Flugzeuge abgeschossen. Demgegenüber waren die japanischen Verluste belanglos: ein Zerstörer, ein Minensucher, fünf U-Boote und 72 Flugzeuge. Während der Feind das Inselreich nicht anfliegen konnte, macht man sich an der Westküste der USA schon auf Luftangriffe gefaßt, während japanische U-Boote bereits vor Kalifornien amerikanische Schiffe versenkten und Kreuzer unter dem Sternenbanner die Midwayinsel beschossen und weiter südlich britische Archipale (Johnstoninseln und Gilbertinseln) besetzten.

Die Luftverbindung der Philippinen mit Hawai, die man in den USA durch Guam und Wake als gesichert ansah, ist durch die schnelle Überwältigung dieser Stützpunkte abgeschnitten worden. Den Ausbau dieser Angriffsspitzen gegen Japan hatten sich die Amerikaner besonders angelegen seinlassen und diese Inselbrücke über den Pazifik als eine Kraftlinie von höchster Bedeutung bewertet, die bei den zuversichtlichen Voraussagen über einen schnellen Sieg eine große Rolle spielte. Auch die Stellung auf den Philippinen War namhaft verstärkt worden. Noch während der Verhandlungen mit Kurusu, durch die Zeit für die Vollendung des USA-Aufmarsches im Pazifik gewonnen werden sollte, waren die Streitkräfte auf der Hauptinsel Luzon vermehrt worden und die hohen Verlustziffern der amerikanischen Luftwaffe im Raum von Manila beweisen, daß man die Inseln durchaus als eine Angriffsbasis gegen Südjapan betrachtete.

Aber schon am 10. Dezember landeten die Japaner auf Luzon, später auf Zebu und am 20. auf der zweitgrößten Insel Mindanao, deren Hauptstadt Davao bald besetzt wurde. Heute befinden sich die einzelnen Gruppen, die durch große Transportflotten bei ganz geringen Verlusten (im ganzen Kampfgebiet wurden nur vier Schiffe versenkt!) herangebracht wurden, im konzentrischen Vormarsch auf Manila, das der amerikanische Befehlshaber MacArthur zur „offenen Stadt“ erklärte, um sich eine kurze Ruhepause zu erkaufen — ein Manöver, das die Japaner richtig einzuschätzen und danach zu handeln wußten.

Die Landung in Sarawak an der Nordküste Borneos ist zunächst unter kriegswirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten wichtig, da hier ein nur teilweise zerstörtes und bald wieder produzierendes Ölgebiet mit einer Erzeugung von etwa Einer Million Tonnen besetzt wurde. Die Beherrschung dieser Küste ist aber auch als zusätzliche Sicherung der japanischen Seeherrschaft im Südchinesischen Meer bedeutsam, wo mit der Kapitulation Hongkongs am 24. Dezember (Kaulun fiel bereits am 12., die Stadt Victoria am 19.) eine mächtige britische Zwingburg überwältigt Wurde. Vor der Wucht des japanischen Angriffs wurden die britischen Pläne, Hongkong noch wenigstens drei Monate zu halten, hinfällig.

Die Operationen gegen Singapur, die sofort mit starken Luftbombardements auf die Seefeste und die britischen Flughäfen Malaiens einsetzten und dann nach Landungen von Indochina und Thailand aus zu beträchtlichen Erfolgen führten, zwangen die Engländer bereits zum Rückzug hinter den Perak. Die nördlichen Malaienstaaten sind in japanischer Hand — Länder, die bisher vor allem die USA mit Gummi und Zinn beliefert hatten. Der britische Befehlshaber in Singapur wurde abgesetzt, wie Roosevelt seinerseits die Flottenführer von Hawai abberief.

Hatten die Briten Thailand als Bundesgenossen betrachtet, so sahen sie sich auch hier in ihren Erwartungen enttäuscht, denn schon am zweiten Kriegstag rückten die Japaner im Einvernehmen mit der thailändischen Regierung in Bangkok ein und schlossen später mit diesem Staat ein Bündnis auf zehn Jahre. England verlor damit ein Aufmarschgebiet, das besonders die Tschungking-Truppen zu einer flankierenden Operation benutzen sollten. Der „Abcd-Block“ war ja bei den Erpressungsversuchen gegenüber Japan als ein besonderes Schreckgespenst an die Wand gemalt worden, diese Einheitsfront der „Angelsachsen“ mit Tschiangkaischek und Niederländisch-Indien. Mit Hongkong verlor aber Tschungking sein wichtigstes seewärtiges Verbindungsglied zur Außenwelt und die Lieferungen über die Burmastraße werden jetzt bereits durch die Luftangriffe auf den Ausgangspunkt Rangoon empfindlich verkürzt. Wenn jetzt Wavell von Indien aus nach Tschungking flog, um dort in Gemeinschaft mit einem Vertreter der USA Tschiangkaischek zu erhöhten Blutopfern im Dienst seiner bedrängten Genossen anzuspornen, so wird man ihm wohl eine Gegenrechnung überreicht haben, deren Erfüllung mehr denn je zweifelhaft bleiben muß.

Angesichts der sich weiter verschlechternden Lage im eigentlichen Kampfraum, wo die Briten vor allem auch das wichtige Penang an der Westküste Malaiens preisgeben mußten, Versuchen die Gegner Japans, sich in der zweiten Linie Abwehrstellungen zu sichern. So besetzten sie am 19. Dezember kurzerhand Portugiesisch-Timor. Auf die besorgten Vorstellungen des australischen Premiers sandten Roosevelt und Churchill, die in Washington ein lautes Propagandatheater veranstalten, ein Beruhigungstelegramm, in dem sie die Verteidigung Australiens als „absolute Notwendigkeit“ bezeichneten. Verglichen mit den früheren Angriffsdrohungen und reichlich verteilten Vorschußlorbeeren bedeutet auch diese Feststellung das Eingeständnis einer schweren Niederlage, die in wenigen Wochen die Aktionspläne der Feinde Japans gründlich durchkreuzt hat.

Angesichts dieser Tatsache ist es geradezu belustigend, wenn jetzt der Sender London verkündet, der Kampf gegen Japan habe dessen Vernichtung zum Ziel. „Die Alliierten haben ‚bereits Erfolge gegenüber Japan erzielt“, heißt es weiter, denn Japans Seehandel sei „verschwunden“, es habe „lebenswichtige Importe verloren“, ebenso seinen Kredit und sei „in einer schwierigen Lage in bezug auf Rohstoffe“! In London möchte man also aus der Welt schwatzen, daß Japan gerade durch die Erfolge seiner Waffen nicht nur den Aushungerungskrieg gegen seine Wirtschaft durchbrochen, sondern seine Feinde auch von wichtigsten Rohstoffen abgesperrt hat und dies noch wirksamer tun wird, während es sich selbst holte, was man ihm vorenthalten sollte. Wenn seine Gegner trotz dieser umstürzend gewandelten Lage noch immer ihre Zuflucht zu den krämerhaften Illusionen nehmen, die vordem beweisen sollten, Japan könne überhaupt den Kampf nicht wagen, so beweisen sie auch damit, wie schlecht es um sie selbst steht.

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Führer-Hauptquartier (December 29, 1941)

Wehrmachtbericht

An der Ostfront halten die Abwehrkämpfe in unverminderter Härte an. Vor Leningrad erzielte schwere Artillerie des Heeres fünf Treffer auf einem sowjetischen Schlachtschiff. Bei erneuten Luftangriffen gegen feindliche Truppen- und Schiffsbewegungen in der Straße von Kertsch wurden ein Transporter versenkt und sechs weitere Transporter sowie zahlreiche kleinere Fahrzeuge beschädigt.

In Nordafrika fühlte der Feind gegen die deutsch-italienischen Stellungen im Raum von Agedabia vor. In erfolgreichem Gegenangriff wurden 58 britische Panzerkampfwagen sowie eine größere Anzahl von Panzerspähwagen und Kraftfahrzeugen vernichtet. In der Cyrenaika wurden Flugplätze und Truppenansammlungen des Feindes bombardiert.

Im Seegebiet nördlich Tobruk erzielten deutsche Kampfflugzeuge mehrere Treffer auf einem britischen Zerstörer und einem im Geleit fahrenden Handelsschiff.

Ein deutsches Unterseeboot griff auf der Höhe von Marsa Matruk einen militärischen Geleitzug an, versenkte zwei britische Transporter mit zusammen etwa 9000 BRT und beschädigte ein weiteres Schiff durch Torpedotreffer.

Auf der Insel Malta griffen deutsche Kampfflugzeuge bei Tag und Nacht mit guter Wirkung britische Flugplätze und Hafenanlagen an.

Britische Bomber griffen in der Nacht zum 29. Dezember Orte in Westdeutschland und im norddeutschen Küstengebiet an. Die Zivilbevölkerung hatte besonders in Emden Verluste an Toten und Verletzten. Neun der angreifenden britischen Bomber wurden abgeschossen. Ein weiteres britisches Flugzeug wurde beim Versuch, am Tage in die besetzten Gebiete einzufliegen, zum Absturz gebracht.

Bei den Abwehrkämpfen der letzten Tage zeichnete sich Oberleutnant Mügge als Führer eines Infanteriebataillons in hervorragendem Maße aus. Mit den sehr schwachen Kräften seines Bataillonsstabes warf er den eingebrochenen, weit überlegenen Feind aus eigenem Entschluß im Gegenangriff zurück, nahm eine vom Feind besetzte Ortschaft und hielt diese gegen weitere starke Angriffe. Der Führer hat dem Oberleutnant Mügge das Ritterkreuz zum Eisernen Kreuz verliehen.

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Comando Supremo (December 29, 1941)

Bollettino n. 575

Il Quartier Generale delle Forze Armate comunica in data 29 dicembre 1941:

Il nemico ha tentato, con importante forze corazzate, una azione avvolgente nella regione di Agedabia. Prontamente arrestato dalla reazione del nostro fuoco e contrattaccato sul fianco da divisioni meccanizzate italiane e tedesche, è stato duramente battuto: 58 carri armati inglesi, oltre ad un elevato numero di autoblindo e automezzi, risultano distrutti e in parte catturati.

Sul fronte di Sollum – Bardia nulla di importante da segnalare. In rinnovate azioni dell’arma aerea germanica su Malta, 3 velivoli av­versari sono stati abbattuti.

La caccia tedesca ha raggiunto e costretto ad atterrare fra Noto e Rosolini un trimotore inglese da bombardamento che tentava di sorvolare Catania: l’equipaggio di sei persone è stato fatto prigioniero. Nel Mediterraneo orientale nostri aerosiluranti hanno attaccato una formazione navale nemica colpendo un incrociatore pesante e due grossi piroscafi; la caccia di scorta al convoglio ha perduto in combattimento 2 «Curtiss»; un nostro apparecchio non è ritornato. Altri tre apparecchi — gravemente colpiti — hanno potuto raggiungere le nostre basi.

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LIFE Magazine (December 29, 1941)

SPEAKING OF PICTURES…
…This is how we went to war the last time

These clothes look quaintly funny. The ladies’ make-up is crude. The automobiles are museum pieces. But take the trappings away from these 1917 pictures and you can get a good idea of what the country will look like from now on.

The last war did not come with the shock of lightning attack. Wilson had severed diplomatic relations with Germany in February and everybody knew that it was only a matter of time and formal procedure – procedure which is neglected today – before the U.S. was in the war. Once it came, everybody wanted to do something but didn’t know what. Someone even proposed formation of a “What Can I Do? League” to straighten things out. After a while there was plenty to do – roll bandages, buy bonds, save peace pits, think up names like Liberty Pups for dachshunds, save food for Herbert Hoover, submit to Porkless Thursday, Wheatless Mondays. The old LIFE managed to sum it all up in this masterpiece of poetic brevity:

A Book of Thrift Stamps underneath a bough
A loaf of Victory Beard, some coffee, sugarless, and thou
Beside me knitting in the wilderness
Ah, wilderness were Hooverized enow!

Shaming slackers was a favorite pastime. A patriot named Roger Pierrot dressed up in khaki on one side and in a fop’s clothes on the other, proclaimed: “Don’t be half a man.”

Mrs. Quinn and Mrs. Rosenberg of Great Neck, L.I., and North Bergen, N.J., each had six sons in service and were paraded together through New York as an example to citizens.

Mary Pickford was an indefatigable bond saleslady. In French-heeled shoes, broad-brimmed hat, she shouted slogans through megaphone at Wall Street lunch-hour crowds.

Being nice to soldier boys was part of every girl’s social duties. This big YMCA dance in New York City was 1917 equivalent of today’s USO.

Hanging the Kaiser was commonplace occurrence whenever Liberty Bond drives were being pushed. Next to Kaiser, favorite effigy was the Crown Prince who here hangs from Woolworth Buildings alongside his father. People hated Kaiser but had only contempt for Crown Prince.

Soldier girls joined groups, wore uniforms. In Lowell, Mass., Agnes Kelly, Marie Provencher, Blanche Chagnon, Nine Hasington and Mary Tulley formed what the photographer captioned “a sort of battalion of death.” A girl who married forfeited her right to belong.

Farmerettes suddenly bloomed all over the country, worked earnestly at growing food. This quintet of patriotic students at Vassar College gave up their 1917 vacation, spent all summer wedding, hoeing and harvesting on Vassar’s big 740-acre farm near Poughkeepsie.

First soldiers off to the war were those of First Division, here parading down Fifth Avenue. Army divisions then were horse-drawn, not mechanized.

The battle of production was just as important in 1917 as it is today. Symbol of industry’s stupendous effort was Hog Island shipyard near Philadelphia. Here 30,000 men worked at 50 shipways but first freighter wasn’t delivered until after Armistice.

World’s largest airplane plant was built at North Elmwood, Buffalo, for Curtiss. It covered 72 acres, was finished in three months, produced mostly Curtiss “Jenny” trainers. Picture looks exactly like dozens of construction shorts being published today.

Mass production of planes was achieved by Dayton Wright Airplane Co. in Dayton, Ohio. Here is a week’s wingless output of De Haviland-4’s, daytime bombers which did well in France, lined up on a field before being crated and shipped to the front.

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Attack on Hawaii

First pictures of Jap onslaught show death & destruction at American base

A pillar of smoke from the burning battleship Arizona drifts from Pearl Harbor across the desolated hangars and runways of Army’s Hickam Field.

For two years Americans have viewed the twisted war wreckage and the blasted bodies of Britons, Germans, Finns, Russians and Chinese. On these pages Americans may now behold the smoke towers mounting from their own shattered ships and perished planes. Now for the first time they may look on the bodies of their own war dead. The image of war is variable and multiform. It wears the features of all nations and races on earth. But only when a people meets war in its own national likeness are war’s terrors and exigencies brought totally to mind.

America’s war began on Dec. 7 with a tragedy so profound that not for eight days did its dimensions become clear to the people of the U.S. Then, on Dec. 15, Navy Secretary Frank Knox told the nation finally of all the ships lost, the indelible gallantry of Pearl Harbor’s defenders and the fearful toll of lives. Though his narrative was both disquieting and vivid, it fell to the lot of six anonymous Army Signal Corps photographers and a few newsreel cameramen fully to impress on Americans the furious smoky pattern of America’s first battle and its aftermath. At Hickam Field, at Pearl Harbor and in the bomb-packed streets of Honolulu they moved through a perilous tumult of splattering splinters and gunfire photographing the wrecked planes, the gutted hangars, the doomed ships, the flames, the wounded and the dead.

The films they took reached the U.S. aboard the plane that returned Mr. Knox to the mainland from Oahu. After 24 hours of careful scrutiny the War Department released them to the U.S. press. Hence you see here the first pictures of America’s war as recorded for Americans by Signal Corps privates and by audacious Pathé Cameraman Len Roos. In weeks to come other photographers may picture auspicious U.S. attacks on enemy strongholds in two hemispheres. But at Pearl Harbor Americans tasted death and destruction and defeat. The Government made no attempt to veil that defeat. These pictures are galling to view, but Americans should contemplate them well. For whosever sees them will remember Pearl Harbor always.

Two-man submarine used by Japanese at Pearl Harbor is beached on north shore of Oahu. Tokyo admitted loss of five.

A shattered skeleton is all that remains of Hangar No. 11 at the Army’s Hickam Field, littering the foreground are sections of roof, the wreckage of a B-18.

Flying Fortress, which was forced into a crash landing during the Japanese attack, is here shown being stripped by salvage crews. Engines, guns, ailerons, nose and wing tips have already been removed. The fuselage is good only for scrap. A squadron of these planes arrived from the mainland during the thick of the fighting. One was shot down but all the rest managed to land safely.

Ruins of a Jap naval bomber, shot down in the Dec. 7 raid, litter a Honolulu lawn. U.S. fighters and gunners bagged 41 of these bombers during the attack.

A Curtiss P-40, wrecked by Japs before it could take off, awaits scrappers. Note how right wing-tip has been splintered by bomb fragments. Tail assembly and guns have been removed for salvage.

Another P-40, similarly developed on ground, limps on one wing-tip, its landing-gear buckled and bent. Rope attached to tail was used to tow it from scene of attack. The motor will be salvaged.

The smoke of disaster spreads thick over the island of Oahu. You are looking west toward Pearl Harbor ten miles away. Its channel to the Pacific runs off to the left. The remote white obelisk at the far left marks Hickam Field. The water towers (left center) loom over the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, which came through the attack unscathed. Smoke is from the burning Arizona.

Japanese dive bombers circle above repair docks of Pearl Harbor amid bursts of anti-aircraft fire. One plane is visible high over smoke pillar from the burning battleship Arizona, another under its overhang (below at right). Happily the great hammerhead crane (left) and the floating crane (right center) escaped damage. White buildings (at far right) are the Ford Island hangars.

The doomed Arizona burns by the battleship berths near Ford Island in the middle of the harbor. At left is the tiny island of Kuahua. In distance, to the right of Kuahua, huge cranes tower over fleet’s main repair docks. Cruisers and destroyers are anchored at far right. Auxiliaries dot foreground waters.

Residents of the Waikiki District stack the streets with furniture wrenched from their blazing homes.

A hidden main, discovered by a random aerial blow, sprays Waikiki palms with much precious water.

Fire rages at Lunalili School. Note men on roof fighting flames. In foreground: First-aid equipment.

The sky darkens as a brisk wind whips little flames across the rooftops of Honolulu’s tinder houses.

Red Cross workers carry a casualty from burning Lunalili School to a first-aid station on grounds.

Noncombatant civilian, who has armed himself for emergency, surveys fragment holes in extra pants.

White stucco walls are scarred and window panes shattered by the fragmentation of Japanese bombs.

Hawaiians hurry their bedding, belongings into busy street while a native soldier directs traffic.

A hundred perforations map the path of bomb splinters which killed three persons in this small sedan.

A seriously wounded casualty is wheeled by grim-faced attendants to the operating room of a Honolulu hospital. Nearly 10,000 uninjured civilians donated blood in the first week after raid.

In Queens Hospital an attending surgeon administers aid to a shrapnel victim wounded near Fort Armstrong. The “T” on forehead indicates that he has received an anti-tetanus injection.

Seven corpses – three men, three women and one child – lie sheeted in an emergency morgue. They were the first civilian fatalities of the attack on Hawaii, during which Japanese pilots digressed from military objectives to machine-gun streets in residential and business districts. Altogether Honolulu had 50 civilian dead. Navy casualties totaled 2,729 killed and 656 wounded.

After the attack: A staff sergeant and his wife find each other alive and unhurt.

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PICTURE OF THE WEEK

This is one of the first air-raid shelters under construction in Los Angeles. Displaying the true Southern California genius for dizzy changes, the building company switched overnight from making “The California Cottage” to making “American Bomb Shelters.” Cost of the standard model: $585. As a special promotion appeal the builders brightly point out that if no air raids develop, the shelter can be converted into either of two other California delights: “a swimming pool or a sound-proof rumpus room.”

In a week of grim reality, the air-raid dither on both coasts provided the chief light news. San Pedro had a fire-bomb scale which turned out to be a noisy box of firecrackers, presumably discarded by some Oriental fearful of being caught with explosives. Young San Franciscans found a marvelous new sport in tossing rocks through lighted windows to enforce the blackout. New York installed some new sirens and set the time for a trial. At the appointed hour New Yorkers cocked ears, heard not a siren’s sound over the city’s din. San Francisco did better, got hold of eight super-special sirens originally ordered by Thailand (which fell without alarm).

Air raids are an undoubted danger on both coasts and all persons should learn to take simple precautions. But some of the first week’s hysteria was already beginning to look silly. If the street and traffic lights were turned out in a total blackout of New York City, it is possible that many more people would be killed by automobiles than would ever be killed by bombs. The materials, labor and energy which might be put into building home shelters wholesale will serve a far better purpose building factories or tanks.

[NormanStewart]

Troops on the move

Army rolls across U.S. to secret destinations

All across the nation, from coast to coast, from border to border, the U.S. Army is on the move. Trucks rumble along the highways, Numberless troop trains chuff east and west, carrying trained troops to ports and coastal strongholds, carrying new recruits to training centers, carrying half-trained troops home for Christmas. The units in motion and their destinations are military secrets, but in a hundred cities and on a thousand sidings, U.S. civilians know that America’s expanding Army has suddenly sprung to life. This enormous unheralded military movement began within 48 hours of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

At the inland railroad center shown here, from two to four troop trains halt daily to change engines. As each arrives, volunteer agents of the local Red Cross, the Knights of Columbus or the U.S.O. quickly appear with baskets of books, magazines and jig-saw puzzles which they give away, cartons of cigarettes which they sell at cost. In the center picture above, a girl volunteer is handing out stamped envelopes. She waits while soldiers scribble quick notes, and posts their correspondence when the train has gone. During these quick station stops, troops may not leave the platform. To stretch their legs they double-time up and down the tracks or unite in calisthenics (center below). As train vanishes into the night the soldiers shout goodbye to the girls on the platform. “See you again,” they cry. “We’ll bring you a necklace of Japs’ ears.”

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Nazi spies

The FBI did a superb job of smashing this gang before it could damage U.S. war effort

J. Edgar Hoover of FBI directed biggest spy roundup in U.S. history

The best time for spies and secret saboteurs to do their dirty work is in the confused first days of a great war. Last week those early days had already passed in the U.S. without a serious blow being struck at an important defense plant or military establishment on the continent. One big reason for this was the astonishing coup of Director J. Edgar Hoover’s Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) in bagging an entire ring of 33 German spies in America months before war broke out. On Dec. 12, the day after Germany and the U.S. declared war, 14 of the ring were convicted in a Brooklyn Federal Court. Nineteen had already pleaded guilty, giving the G-men a 100% score.

In this case FBI agents took hundreds of candid photographs and 20,000 ft. of movie film of conferences in the spy ring’s New York City meeting place. Some of the photographs are published here for the first time. They show how a spy looks and feels when he is telling his secrets to a man he trusts. Note how the FBI arranged its spy trap so that a calendar and clock show in most pictures, and a strong light falls on the face of each spy.

The shadowy shoulders in many of the pictures belong to William Sebold, a naturalized and loyal American who risked his life to work with the FBI. Sebold’s story is as fantastic as any invention of fiction. He was born in Germany, and worked in the U.S. and South America from 1921 to February 1939, when he returned to Germany to visit with his mother. He was soon involved in a series of mysterious incidents, culminating in the theft of his passport. He was told he could not have it back, to leave the country, unless he joined a “society” to send U.S. information to Germany. He agreed, unwillingly, and trained for a month at a big spy school on Klopstockstrasse, Hamburg. Then he was given microfilm messages to three German agents in New York and $1,000 to build a short-wave radio station. He secretly sent word ahead through a friend, so that G-men met him and guided his movements from February 1940 to June 1941, when the ring was rounded up.

Using the Nazis’ $1,000, the FBI agents built a short-wave station in a remote part of Long Island and established contact with station AOR in Hamburg. Pretending to act for Sebold, they sent more than 300 harmless, sometimes garbled, messages about U.S. planes, ship sailings, military movements during 1940-41. Sebold opened an office on 42nd Street, New York, as a “draftsman.” German agents came to him to have their reports turned into microfilm or transmitted by radio to Germany and he gave them money from Hamburg. U.S. agents hiding in an adjoining office took telltale pictures as the spies unfolded to Sebold their exploits and their plans. Some told of giving Germany the secrets of famous U.S. bombsights, parts of the Garand rifle, plans for light and heavy tanks, news of ships sailing with British aid. Others talked grimly of planting incendiary bombs on docks, of throwing British diplomatic couriers off U.S. ships. But they never got a chance to do any of these things – the G-men got them first.

Herman Lang, trusted employee of company that makes U.S. secret bombsight, went to Germany in 1938, gave information about the sight to German Government, which paid him $4,000. Suspicious of Sebold at first, he later boasted of being a personal pal of Hitler. “I made a mistake not staying in Germany when my mission was complete,” he told Sebold.

Rene Mezenen, Paris-born courier for spy ring, could speed documents between New York and Lisbon in 24 hours because of his job as steward on Pan American’s Atlantic clippers. As a sideline, he smuggled platinum. Here he is telling S

Max Albrecht Blank worked for Germany Library of Information and foreign book and art store in New York. He told Sebold, “I have been in the espionage business since 1936,” hinted he had lost interest in recent years because payments from Germany had fallen off. He said he knew a friend in a shipyard who “could supply some information” for $500.

Franz Stigler was chief baker on U.S. liner America, whose chief cook and chief butcher were also members of spy ring. (It is now a troopship, the West Point.) In January 1941, Stigler asked Sebold to radio Germany that Prime Minister Churchill had arrived secretly in U.S. on HMS King George V with Lord Halifax. But Churchill did not meet Roosevelt until August.

Leo Waalen (right) and Paul Fehse examining American and Canadian military journals they brought to Sebold’s office to be sent to Germany. On this visit Sebold gave Fehse $100. Waalen, a painter, worked in small boat yard which was engaged in filling Navy orders. He brought Sebold specifications for surf-landing boats and secret FBI manual on defense-plant protection.

Heinrich Stade, musician and “publicity agent,” told Sebold that he had been in the German Gestapo in 1936 and “knew everything in the spy line.” He could operate a radio and had received requests for information on ship movements, but he gave the letter to a friend because he had no time to spy. He was arrested playing in an orchestra at a Long Island inn.

Heinrich Clausing, vegetable cook on SS Argentina, sent reports on ship movements on high seas to Germany via South America and a girl friend in Rome. He told Sebold he signed letters “Carlos,” asked him to check on whether they arrived. Sebold told him they did and Clausing said he was “impressed.” He received no money but spied to help Germany “in any way.”

Paul Fehse, chief of Nazis’ marine espionage in the U.S., came to Sebold on March 27 (see calendar) and said that he had just received his draft notice. “It will make me sick inside to join the American Army,” he added, as unseen photographer snapped this picture. Fehse, a cook, knew many seamen and sent regular reports on ships and cargoes out of New York.

Everett Roeder, U.S.-born spy, was designer for company making secret. Army and Navy mechanisms. He first went to Germany in 1936. On May 8, 1941, he got $100 from Sebold. “I cannot understand why you pay such small sums,” he complained. “On the other side they used to pay me from $200 to $225 a month.” Roeder had 16 guns in his home on Long Island.

Master spy nabbed by G-men as Frederick Joubert Duquesne, 64, (above) who spied against British in Boer War and World War I. in 1918, Duquesne was arrested for murder in New York after boxes of “minerals” he shipped on British ship Tennyson blew up and sank the ship. He escaped from a prison ward and charge was later dropped. G-men found him living in a swank New York apartment (second photo) with an American-born sculptress. He posed as anti-British crackpot and told people he had been in an insane asylum. Actually he was a cool, crafty spy who signed his reports to Germany with a rubber-stamp cat’s paw. Agents photographed him leaving his home (third photo) and walking with Sebold (fourth photo). On June 25, 1941, Duquesne came to Sebold’s office and took from his sock (sequence above) an amazing assortment of material – a photograph and specifications of a U.S. Army speedboat, drawings of a new self-reloading rifle, reports on maneuvers in Tennessee and a secret one-man tank trap. He also said he had made plans to blow up an upstate electric plant. On June 28 he was arrested.

Many letters with invisible writing were intercepted by the FBI during spy vigil. This apparently harmless note, copy of an actual spy letter, contained invisible directions for a meeting on a New York corner. Members of the ring sent each other pencils that could be used for invisible writing.

Under ultraviolet light, secret message is revealed. In reports to Germany spies used complicated code based on pages from novel All This, and Heaven Too. Often documents were forwarded around world via Shanghai travel agent, Portuguese professor, German naval officer in Genoa.

This is how a spy looks when he is gloating. On Jan. 25, 1941, Hartwig Richard Kleiss, chief cook on the SS America, informed Sebold he had the secret plans for transforming that ship into the troopship West Point. Photo 1 might be entitled “It’s in the bag!” Photo 2: “I have it here in my hand.” Photo 3: “How do you like this!” These plans were sent to Germany, after officials “fuzzed out” the details showing gun mounts and other vital points. Sebold’s “superiors” in Germany sent a frantic request for a clearer print, but never received it.

Diagrams giving secret details on American military devices were often brought to Sebold by spies, to be converted into microfilms small enough to be carried inside a watch case. Some of these were genuine but many, like those shown above, were based on faulty information. The “Airo Hook Bomber,” G-men believe, may have been inspired by post-office experiments with pick-up airmail sacks. The “Submarine Life Saver” looks like a bad interpretation of a news picture. No one in the U.S. Government ever heard of the invention labeled “Invisible Ship Smoke.”

Glamor girl of the spy ring was Lilly Barbara Carola Stein, 27, native of Vienna. Her charms were irresistible to susceptible Teutonic gentlemen of middle age. From Edmund Carl Heine, once representative of U.S. automobile concerns in Germany, she received lengthy reports on U.S. aviation plants which she gave to Sebold. Lilly kept scrapbook showing how she looked in bathing, skiing, boating and Alpine costumes. In Photo 3 she is shown walking unsuspectingly on street with Sebold, in Photo 4 as she went to court. She pleaded guilty.

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Knox report

Navy Secretary cites deeds of heroism at Pearl Harbor

In Washington, Dec. 15, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox made public a full and detailed chronicle of the tragedy at Pearl Harbor. His report was twofold. First he enumerated U.S. losses: the battleship Arizona, the target ship Utah, three destroyers, a minelayer, nearly 3,000 dead, and many other ships damaged in varying degree. He stated flatly that “The United States services were not on he alert against the surprise air attack on Hawaii.”

But there was another story to be told, a story of unforgettable bravery and resourcefulness displayed by U.S. officers and men during the inferno of the Jap assault. This part of the Knox report, based on accounts of naval officers who witnessed the bombing, did much to palliate the shame of the shocking statistics. The drawings on these pages define a few of the heroic moments recounted by the Navy Secretary. The captions are in Mr. Knox’s own words.

“The dying captain of a battleship displayed the outstanding individual heroism of the day. As he emerged from the conning tower to the bridge, the better to fight his ship, his stomach was laid completely open by a shrapnel burst. He fell to the deck. Refusing to be carried to safety, he continued to direct the action. When the bridge turned into a blazing inferno two of his officers attempted to remove him. But he ordered them to abandon him and save themselves. … Four motor-torpedo boats had been loaded aboard a Fleet tanker for shipment. Their youthful ensign captains put their power-driven turret machine guns into immediate action, accounting for at least one enemy raider plane.”

“Men from ships out of action managed at any cost to return to the battle. There were the survivors of the capsized ship, who swam through the blazing oil to clamber aboard other ships and join gun crews. Crews from another disabled vessel swam into mid-channel, where they were hoisted aboard outward-bound destroyers… [although] the comparative safety of the shore lay only a few yards away… One Naval Reserve ensign volunteered as skipper of a motor launch. With four men he proceeded across Pearl Harbor’s reverberating channel through a hail of enemy fire and shrapnel. They saved almost 100 men from one battleship – men who had been blown overboard into the oil-fired waters.”

“To the unsung heroes of the harbor auxiliaries must go much of the credit for helping stem the onslaught. Even the lowly garbage lighters shared the grim task. One came alongside a blazing ship, which threatened momentarily to explode. Calmly the yard craft’s commander led fire-fighting both aboard the warship and on the surface of the harbor. He kept his tiny vessel beside the larger one for 24 hours. … Quick thinking in the dire emergency probably saved many lives – and ships. An aviation machinist’s mate aboard one ship saw that flames from the huge vessel threatened a repair ship alongside. He ran through the blaze and singlehandedly slashed the lines holding the two ships together. Freed, the smaller craft drew clear.”

“Drama was crowded into a few seconds on board an aircraft tender moored at the naval air station, target of the enemy’s fiercest bombing and strafing. With the ship already on fire from repeated attacks, her anti-aircraft batteries downed a plane, which crashed in flames on deck. At this moment her captain observed the shadow of an enemy two-man submarine approaching within a few yards of the vessel. It was placed under fire. Hits were scored and the submarine exposed her conning tower. At that instant a destroyer stood down channel, passed directly over the submarine and sank it with depth charges. Doubtless saved from this craft’s torpedoes, the tender then shot down a second plane, which fell on land nearby.”

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“Buzz” Wagner’s story

America’s first ace tells how he shot down first two planes
By First Lt. Boyd D. Wagner

Lieutenant Wagner

First Lieutenant Boyd D. Wagner was ac- claimed last week as the first American ace of the war. Although the war was only two weeks old, he had shot down five Japanese planes in the air and led his squadron in an attack that destroyed 25 more on the ground. “Buzz” Wagner is 25 and comes from Johnstown, Pa. He went to the University of Pittsburgh and received his wings at Randolph Field in 1938. He was transferred to the Philippines a year ago this month.

Lieutenant Wagner was first mentioned “with pride” by General MacArthur in his communique of Dec. 12. Previously Wagner’s squadron had escorted the American bombers which sank three Japanese troopships. Two days later Lieutenant Wagner carried out the individual exploit described below. In making the official report of this action, his commanding officer said: “With practically the entire Japanese Air Force of that section hunting him and with low gasoline making it somewhat precarious to fly, nevertheless he remained to complete the observations which constituted his original objective and returned with the first, accurate information of enemy activities in that area.”

The story below was taken down by LIFE Photographer Carl Mydans who cabled as follows: “This was told to me one morning by Lieutenant Wagner while we shared a foxhole, pressing closely into the Luzon soil as the Japanese dropped sticks of bombs close by. Wagner is a well-built, deliberate, mature young man. He told me his story in calm, technical phrases, occasionally resting his dark head on folded arms as enemy bombers flew over.”

A few days after he told this story, Lieutenant Wagner led his squadron in an even more important exploit. Attacking the Japanese beach-head at Vigan in northern Luzon, the American fliers shot down one Japanese plane and destroyed “at least 25 on the ground,” and set fire to the Japanese fuel dumps. This removed one of the chief threats to Manila, 200 miles away.

Just after dawn on Dec. 12 I took off alone in my peashooter [pursuit plane] on a reconnoiter mission. The overcast was heavy at 5,000 ft. so I turned on the oxygen and climbed up over it at 16,000. I dead reckoned about 200 miles and figured then I was ten minutes north of Aparri. I let down on instruments, broke through the overcast at 8,000 ft. almost on top of two Japanese destroyers. Almost at once they threw a heavy barrage up around me and I turned nose-down and dived within a few feet of the water avoiding their AA and swung inland several miles. I knew then I was approaching Aparri airport, but flying into the sun I couldn’t see clearly.

Suddenly tracer fire tore by me from overhead and instinctively I did a steep chandelle into the sun. Looking back I saw two Japanese pursuits behind me and three more overhead so I pulled nose-up and continued to climb directly into the sun at full throttle and low pitch. Now the two Nippos who fired on me lost me. I went into a half-barrel roll onto their tails from my upper position and attacked them from the rear. They were in close formation and both burst into flames almost simultaneously, the fliers going down with the planes.

Then for the first time I realized I was right over their airport. Almost directly below me was a runway and on it twelve enemy pursuit planes. I made two passes at the field, strafing the grounded planes as I swept over. I saw five of them burst into flames.

Just as I was pulling up from the second pass, I saw that three pursuits above had seen me and were pouring down on me. I dropped an empty belly-tank for greater speed and dived close to the ground, making it difficult for them to see me, then gave it the needle and easily outdistanced them. I had filled my assignment and, as gas was getting low, headed for home. The last I saw of the field was two long columns of black smoke.

Wagner gets two planes from the rear with sharp bursts of fire. This exploit was the result of brilliant flying on Wagner’s part. Previously the Japanese planes had been chasing him but by climbing steeply, directly into the sun, he got away, then turned and attacked them.

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TIME (December 29, 1941)

Destiny’s Child

White and shaken, the young lieutenant picked himself up and examined his peaked campaign hat on the ground. The shot had torn it clean off his head. Even the tough top sergeant was moved. Said he: “With the lieutenant’s kind permission, may I remark that the rest of the lieutenant’s life is now on velvet.”

Lieutenant Douglas MacArthur was fresh out of West Point in 1903, on assignment in the Philippines, and the first hostile bullets of his life scared him badly. Last week, 38 years later, General Douglas MacArthur was back in the Philippines fighting the toughest battle of his life. But he was not scared. As the bombs whistled down near him, an orderly tried to shoo him to a dugout. “Give me a cigaret, Eddie,” said MacArthur, and went on watching.

To Douglas MacArthur it seemed scarcely strange that his life should have come full circle. Last year, trying to explain to a reporter how he felt about the Philippines, he roared: “When George Dewey sailed into Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 it was Manifest Destiny working itself out. By God, it was Destiny that brought me here! It was Destiny.”

For Douglas MacArthur the Philippines are more than a battle assignment. The Philippines are in his blood. His father, Lieut. General Arthur MacArthur, swashbuckling boy hero of the Civil War, was military governor of the islands, 40 years ago; his mother died there; he himself has served three tours of duty there. Under Manila’s tropic palms he wooed his second wife, 20 years his junior, and fathered his sturdy three-year-old son. The Philippines are the only home he has known since 1935, when he arrived to stake his professional reputation as a soldier on the thesis that the islands can be defended.

Father MacArthur
…bequeathed a style to his son.

MacArthur’s Philippines. When Douglas MacArthur took over the defense of the Philippines in 1935, he had all the honors a professional soldier could “want. He had been the youngest Chief of Staff in U.S. history, had served longer in that post than any other man (before or since). Neither the salary ($18,000 a year) nor the title (Field Marshal) bestowed on him by mercurial little President Manuel Quezon (who had surrendered his sword to MacArthur’s father 40 years before) meant as much to him as the fact that the Philippines were a vital outpost of the U.S. defense.

MacArthur was almost alone in this opinion six years ago. The Neutrality Act and the Tydings-McDuffie Act (freeing the Philippines in 1946) expressed U.S. desire to cut its ties with an unhappy world. Moreover, almost all professional soldiers believed that the Philippines were a sore thumb stuck out in the Pacific that could be chopped off in one Japanese try. They wanted to get out. The Philippine Department of the U.S. Army was instructed to get ready to leave when Philippine independence arrived.

On Dec. 31, 1937 MacArthur retired from the U.S. Army. To the Philippine Commonwealth he had promised that by 1946 he would make of the islands a Pacific Switzerland that would cost any invader 500,000 men, three years and more than $5,000,000,000 to conquer.

While Americans in the Philippines, annoyed by MacArthur’s refusal to enter greatly into their social life, laughed at him and styled him Napoleon of Luzon, MacArthur sweated to forge a fighting force. Back to Washington went a stream of able reports, stressing the necessity for supplies for his Philippine Army. In his air-conditioned, penthouse apartment he gave fervid interviews to visiting newsmen, telling them how tough was his Philippine Army. He would stride back & forth across his room, purpling the air with oratory, punctuated by invocations of God and the flag, pounding his fist in his palm, swinging his arms in great sweeping gestures. Blond, burly John Gunther, master of the technique of sit-‘em-in-the-chair-and-pace-‘em-to-death interviewing, met Field Marshal MacArthur, wound up limp in his seat while MacArthur paced roaring on. Always his thesis was the same: the Philippines could be defended, and by God, they would be defended.

Nights he paced his apartment atop the Manila Hotel so vigorously that people in the rooms below complained. He entertained few friends. He worried about friction with the U.S. Army in the Philip pines, some of whose officers considered him a has-been (“Hell, MacArthur doesn’t mean any more in this Army than a buck private”), and about budget trouble with volatile little Mr. Quezon, who blew hot & cold about defense.

Not till 1940 did the turn come. Then Japan occupied northern Indo-China, threatened the U.S. with the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy. The Philippines were defended then by some 3,000 U.S. soldiers, a handful of mobile 155-mm. howitzers, some old 755, about 100 first-line planes and some old craft which, said the pilots banteringly, could make 100 miles an hour if they dove straight down. If war broke out, all MacArthur’s Philippine Army was to be transferred to the American Commander in Chief of the Philippine Department.

Last year the U.S. Army buckled to the task of re-equipping its Philippine Department. In the summer of 1941 it decided to recall MacArthur to the U.S. flag. On July 26, 1941 MacArthur was named Lieutenant General in command of the United States Army Forces in the Far East (the Army shortens the title to USAFFE, but MacArthur prefers to call it the Army of the Far East, the A.F.E.). Last week President Roosevelt capped the return of MacArthur to action by making him, again, a full four-star General.

MacArthur’s Command. To his new command, MacArthur brought a dowry of Filipino loyalty. Relations between Filipinos and the U.S. Army in the Philippines had hitherto been only cordial. But Mac-Arthur, who had created the Philippine Army, trusted it and could command it as he wished. “I know a fighting army when I see one,” he had said, “and these men are a fighting army.”

Competent Major General George Grunert, whom MacArthur superseded as commander of U.S. Army Forces, had laid the ground work for vigorous defense before he left. MacArthur set about bringing his more than 20,000 Filipino regulars under U.S. command and prepared for the gradual incorporation of more than 125,000 Filipino reserves. Racing against time, MacArthur demanded, and began to receive, a sizable trickle from the spigot of U.S. production. Transports threaded the maze of the island waterways, bringing U.S. troops, planes, technicians, tanks. Out of the East, Flying Fortresses roared to secret concentrations within the islands.

When the Japanese struck at the Philippines last fortnight, MacArthur’s men rolled with the punch. If the Japanese plan had been to lure General MacArthur out beyond the mountain bastions of the central core of Luzon, there was no evidence last week that they had succeeded.

Last week General Douglas MacArthur labored through the day, far, far into the night at his Manila headquarters, moving troops about the map, gauging, speculating, ordering. “Well, slaves,” he cheerily remarked once to his sweating staff, “I’m going home to eat.” Now & then he appeared around town, letting the people be reassured by his presence. Douglas Mac-Arthur, with his innate sense of drama, knew that he was in dead center of the stage, and enjoyed it.

MacArthur & Staff
“Well, slaves…”

MacArthur’s Style. Wherever MacArthur goes he travels as if draped in the American Flag itself and preceded by a guard of honor. But while civilian critics used to consider MacArthur a swashbuckling, colorful, impeccably dressed soldier with a penchant for the William Jennings Bryan type of oratory, most of his Army contemporaries thought him a strict disciplinarian, a magnificent leader of men in action, a first-class fighting man.

Style runs in the MacArthur family. His father. General Arthur MacArthur, left Wisconsin to join the Union forces at the age of 17, emerged as “The Boy Colonel of the West,” having led his troops personally on the charge at Missionary Ridge.

Arthur MacArthur died in style. Attending the 50th annual reunion of his Civil War regiment at Milwaukee, he rose to deliver what he said would be his last speech. It was a fiery oration, reverberating with echoes of dead drums and battle cries. As he finished the speech, he faltered, dropped dead. His old adjutant rose, tottered over to drape the body with the flag, then fell dead himself across the body of his commander.

Douglas MacArthur was born at an Arkansas Army post. When he was four his mother and a company sergeant sheltered him from an Indian raid. He entered West Point in 1899. MacArthur was First Corporal as a Yearling, Ranking First Sergeant as a Second Classman, First Captain as a First Classman, graduated first in his class, with the highest scholastic record in 25 years, to enter the Army’s Corps of Engineers. Between times at the Academy, the legend says, he became engaged to eight different girls.

MacArthur is his own pressagent. Whatever he does is done with a sense of dramatic value. As an aide to his father, who was military observer to Japan in 1905, he watched the Russo-Japanese War. At Mudken he saw the Japanese charge a Russian-held hill six times, joined them on the seventh and successful charge. In 1914 he was with Major General Frederick Funston at Veracruz. Disguised as a Mexican bum, he reconnoitered behind Mexican lines, found three locomotives for his general. He remembers this escapade especially because of a young official of the German Embassy who helped him: Franz von Papen.

[NormanStewart]

MacArthur went on in World War I to turn in a spectacular performance as brigade commander, then divisional commander of the Rainbow Division. The striking idea of creating a division that included troops from every state in the Union was Douglas MacArthur’s. While the Rainbow raced with Major General Clarence R. Edwards’ 26th (New England) Division for the honor of being first to land on French soil, MacArthur was too sensible a soldier to permit his troops to put off underequipped in order to gain that honor. The Rainbow barely nosed out the 26th to France—and had to cough up part of its equipment to less well-heeled Yankees when they arrived.

MacArthur’s combat record was brilliant. Besides two wounds, one gassing and enough praise to turn a modest man’s head, he picked up 13 decorations for gallantry under fire, seven citations for extraordinary valor, 24 top decorations of foreign Governments. MacArthur remained overseas for a while with the Army of Occupation. On this tour of duty he met the Prince of Wales, who was gloomy about what he considered certain German resurgence. Said MacArthur: “We beat the Germans this time, and we can do it over again.”

After an astringent two-year tour of duty as the youngest Superintendent in the history of West Point, he went back to the Philippines, returned to the U.S., later took charge of America’s Olympic team in 1928, went back again to the Philippines as Commander of the Philippine Department, returned to be jumped by Engineer Hoover over the heads of many oldsters to the post of Chief of Staff. He was only 50 then.

As Chief of Staff, MacArthur blasted the proposal of economy-minded Congressmen to amalgamate the Army & Navy in one department (“Pass this bill and every potential enemy of the U.S. will rejoice”). He established the first self-contained air striking force in U.S. history (the GHQ Air Force), worked out the present four-Army system of U.S. continental defense to be superimposed on the old nine Army corps areas.

Perhaps the sole action of his life that MacArthur would willingly forget is the Victory of Anacostia Flats when, riding a spectacular white horse, he called out a military force to rout the haggard veterans of the Bonus army from their Washington encampments. Army men tell the inside story. When asked who was going to lead the show, MacArthur realized that any man who did would commit political suicide, wind up in a dead-end career. He decided to take the dirty job in his own hands. But at night he used to go down to the flats, distribute money to the boys of his old division.

MacArthur’s Problem. Last week MacArthur was deep in one of the most difficult problems of his career. Defense of the Philippines was always planned in the belief that communications with the Philippine Islands could be kept open.

As a brilliant, visionary strategist General MacArthur knew that it was more important to hold the Malaya-Singapore-Netherlands Indies line, that if necessary the Philippines would have to be sacrificed. But MacArthur is quite capable of flouting the laws of war. The High Command might decide by the rules that the Philippines should be given up. But the last man to be convinced of that fact would probably be Douglas MacArthur. And if the islands should be lost, the U.S. would probably lose its best fighting general with them.

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CIVILIAN DEFENSE

Confused & Unprepared

Realizing for the first time the dire possibility of air raids on their country, the U.S. people acted like hens in a barnyard at the rumble of a sudden summer storm. Some were apathetic and carefree, some panic-stricken, many more earnest and eager to be helpful. Everywhere was a great cackling. Little hen-shaped Fiorello LaGuardia, head of the Office of Civilian Defense, glared out over a U.S. that was mostly confused and unprepared.

President Roosevelt flung the Little Flower into OCD last spring. Mr. LaGuardia set up regional councils, which did their best to start State and local councils. All were volunteer groups. About all OCD could do was provide blueprints and fatherly advice.

Its headquarters was in a commandeered apartment house in Washington. Last September, Mrs. Roosevelt, who had been faintly critical, moved in as assistant director. Young (21), dimpled Jane Seaver, dew-fresh out of Mt. Holyoke, was appointed to the task of organizing youth. Other lady colleagues moved in. Mrs. Henry Morgenthau Jr., perched next to Mrs. Roosevelt, mysteriously shuffled papers, kept mum. The Little Flower flapped his wings, screeched orders, left behind many a moist hanky clenched in an angry fist.

“Prolonged Study.” Most apathetic spot in the country was the territory served by isolationist Chicago Tribune, where the Tribune’s editorials and Charles Augustus Lindbergh’s shrill “they can’t touch us” had all but drowned out OCD’s weak little toot. Last week the Midwest had just begun to yawn and stretch. In Wisconsin it was announced that plans for civilian defense were going to be given “prolonged study.” St. Louis declared that it would get around this week to enrolling some 50,000 volunteers which it figured it might need.

The West Coast, while civilian defense was still operating, was a military area. Along the East Coast, where confusion was as thick as anywhere, a horrible example was Mayor LaGuardia’s own New York City. City Hall, where the Little Flower was trying to be mayor of the nation’s biggest city while he was also heading OCD, was in an uproar. Workmen piled into the mayor’s offices, tore up floors, laid wires, erected partitions. Women in blue-grey uniforms, brass buttons and gold epaulets snapped salutes at one another and the mayor, twinkled off in all directions with Mr. LaGuardia’s orders.

OCD’s LaGuardia & Roosevelt
Fads & jancies? Thumpings & threats?

Plans for blackouts were made, announced, called off. The mayor said it would “take 27,000 men or women to turn off by hand the street lights. … There are 27,000 separate switches.” The Board of Estimate appropriated $25,000 for sirens. One horn was tried. Citizens a few blocks away, anxiously listening, heard nothing but a faint moo. Most people heard nothing.

“This is Serious.” Air-raid meetings were attended by gay, lighthearted volunteers. At a meeting in an uptown Manhattan high school, citizens giggled at an expert who tried to explain how to blackout streets. Muttered a sad-faced, sad-voiced Frenchman: “How can they laugh? This is serious.” Backstreet toughies kidded earnest women block wardens until the tearful and embarrassed women gave up their jobs.

Advice was obscure and contradictory. Skyscraper dwellers were no sooner given the comfortable assurance that they were safe within steel and concrete walls so long as they stayed on floors four down from the top or four up from the bottom than Harry M. Prince, OCD consultant, declared that 98½% of New York City’s buildings would be unsafe, that no building was “bomb-proof.” School authorities were first advised to send children home at the first warning of a raid, later told to keep pupils in school, off the streets.

Most elaborate—sometimes over-elaborate—jobs of preparing for civilian defense were under way in New England and New Jersey’s suburbs, where small towns had taken affairs into their own hands. There local civilian defense councils had organized men & women into first aid, feeding, fire fighting, decontamination, salvage and emergency police units, air-raid wardens, messengers, even intelligence divisions. Serious small townsmen practiced pistol shooting, sniffed gas, spelled each other through 24-hour days watching for airplanes and flashing reports of everything in the skies to Army Information centers.

But even in New England and New Jersey, the program was confused, uncoordinated. In isolated communities, far from dense, industrial targets, women drove furiously around in motor caravans, practiced jumping into fire nets. Energy was scattered in all directions. Unwieldy and sometimes senseless organizations were set up.

Many a critic decided last week that the Little Flower, who already had a lot of eggs under him, had been asked to hatch one that was just too big for him.

To Walter Lippmann, “Mrs. Roosevelt’s talent for sugar-coating the matter with all manner of fads, fancies, homilies and programs which would have been appropriate to the activities of an excited village improvement society” and the “desk-thumping, the shrill appeals, the threats and warnings” of Mayor LaGuardia were not appropriate to the “grim business” of civilian defense. It should all be put under the jurisdiction of the War Department, said Mr. Lippmann. “The facts of the situation, and the morale of the people require lucid and authoritative commands.” Mrs. Roosevelt should stop confusing everyone by being a minor official in her husband’s Government. Mr. LaGuardia “should resign as soon as his successor can be found and installed in the office.” Indications were that Mr. Roosevelt thought so too, was getting ready to pluck the Little Flower from OCD.

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HAVOC IN HONOLULU

Burned deep in the memory of U.S. citizens are these scenes from Hawaii under Japan’s sneak attack. Above is Pearl Harbor with the stricken U.S.S. Arizona sending up clouds of smoke in the background.

Hickam Field. Bombs and gunfire blitzed this huge hangar.

Officers’ quarters fired by Jap bombs.

Barracks where many U.S. airmen were killed.

A P-40, strafed on the ground, never fought.

This Flying Fortress was forced down by Japanese fighter planes.

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U.S. War Department (December 29, 1941)

Communique No. 33

PHILIPPINE THEATER – The Commanding General, United States Army forces in the Far East, has consolidated the majority of his troops in Pampanga Province and shortened his lines.

In the last few days the enemy had been heavily reinforced by several infantry divisions, tank regiments and horse cavalry. Japanese units are composed of veteran soldiers with modern equipment.

American and Philippine troops, despite constant fighting against heavy odds, are in high spirits and are offering stubborn resistance. Losses have been heavy on both sides.

Enemy air activity continues heavy, with repeated bombing of Manila in violation of the declaration of an open city.

There is nothing to report from other areas.

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U.S. State Department (December 29, 1941)

Meeting of Hull with certain of his advisers, morning

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

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U.S. Navy Department (December 29, 1941)

Communique No. 20

FAR EAST – U.S. submarines have sunk two additional ships of the enemy. One was a transport, the other a supply vessel.

During enemy air operations, one of our destroyers was attacked. Slight damage and minor casualties resulted.

CENTRAL PACIFIC – Thirteen survivors of the SS PRUSA, torpedoed by an enemy submarine on December 18, have been rescued.

There is nothing to report from other areas.

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The Evening Star (December 29, 1941)

Luzon defenders hold shortened lines

Two more Jap ships sunk by subs; enemy advances in Malaya
By the Associated Press

The Pacific situation

American and Filipino defenders were reported holding today at all points in the islands (1) after the second bombing yesterday of the undefended city of Manila. Sharpest defined drives were in the Lingayen sector to the north and from the Atimonan sector in the southeast of Luzon Island, with most of the danger developing in that area. Tayug was the scene of bitter fighting. In Malaya, the Japanese took Ipoh (2), landed chutists near Medan, in Sumatra, and captured Kuching (4), in British Borneo. Sorong (3), in New Guinea, was bombed yesterday. (AP)

BULLETIN

A three-hour Japanese air bombardment of coast defenses of Manila Bay was reported late today by the War Department. A communique said at least four enemy bombers were shot down by anti-aircraft batteries. Meanwhile, no important ground operations were reported from either of the main fighting fronts in Luzon.

U.S. defense lines north of Manila have been shortened and troops are offering stubborn resistance against heavy odds, the Army announced today as the Navy listed two more enemy ships destroyed in the Far East.

The War Department communique said Gen. Douglas MacArthur had “consolidated the majority of his troops in Pampanga Province and shortened his lines.’’ It reported use of horse cavalry for the first time by “heavily reinforced” Japanese units.

The communique indicated that the main line of American-Filipino fighters was being established about midway between the Gulf of Lingayen and Manila, some 35 miles south of the Agno River, where communiques mentioned a defense line two days ago.

The Agno defense line was reported still holding.

“Americans and Philippine troops,” the Army said, “despite constant fighting against heavy odds, are in high spirits and are offering stubborn resistance. Losses have been heavy on both sides.”

The Navy said U.S. submarines had sunk an additional enemy transport and a supply vessel.

It admitted slight damage and minor casualties aboard a destroyer stacked by enemy planes.

Locations not given

While the announcement did not give the exact locations of the engagements in which American submarines sunk the two enemy vessels nor in which our destroyer was attacked, it was included under the caption “Far East.” This was given to indicate that the Navy is at work far from continental American shores in its attempt to aid in the war activities of that area.

In the announcement by the Navy Department last night, it was said Japanese had been circulating rumors for the obvious purpose of persuading the United States to disclose the location and intentions of the American Pacific Fleet. The Navy said flatly:

“The Philippines may rest assured that while the United States Navy will not be tricked into disclosing vital information, the fleet is not idle. The United States Navy is following an intensive and well-planned campaign against the Japanese forces which will result in positive assistance to the defense of the Philippine Islands.”

Call fall back on Manila

Pampanga Province, northwest of Manila, is about midway between the capital and Lingayen Gulf invasion beachheads. Its northern boundary is some 55 miles distant from both the gulf and Manila, and the southern boundary only about 25 miles from the capital.

Through the southern portion of the province, a sugar producing area, flows the Pampanga River, which spreads into a vast marsh as it empties into Manila Bay through many mouths.

From Pampanga Province, Gen. MacArthur’s main northern force would be in a position, if need be, to fall back either on Manila itself, or southwestward down the rugged Bataan Peninsula, a mountainous strip of land virtually without roads of any kind. The peninsula has been the scene of repeated peacetime war games which envisioned a Philippine attack of the same pattern as developed.

Heavy forts guard bay

At the tip of the Bataan Peninsula are situated the heavy island fortifications guarding the entrance to Manila Bay – Fort Miles on Corregidor Island, Fort Drum across the bay, Fort Hughes and others.

The communique failed to disclose whether Gen. MacArthur had abandoned the defense line of the Agno River some 20 miles south of Lingayen Gulf, which was mentioned two days ago, and likewise made no reference to the fighting on the second main invasion front southeast of Manila.

Navy statement encouraging

The Navy’s statement last night that the fleet was intensively engaged against the Japs carried an encouraging ring and aroused all kinds of conjecture.

It was the first official statement on the fleet since the week after the Pearl Harbor attack of December 7. At that time. Secretary Knox declared that the main body of the fleet with its battleships, cruisers, aircraft carriers and submarines was “at sea seeking contact with the enemy.”

At first glance, the Navy announcement last night was interpreted in some sources as a hint that it still might be possible to strike a telling blow which would put an entirely new aspect on the situation in the Philippines. They noted, in passing, that Japan’s widely scattered invasion thrust in the South Pacific required substantial naval support, forcing a reduction in the strength of the main enemy fleet.

There was no disposition here to believe that the U.S. Pacific Fleet intended to play into the enemy’s hands and enter the South China Sea, which is rimmed thickly with Japanese air and sea bases. However, the Navy’s announcement seemed to hold out the possibility of-action noon.

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SINGAPORE (AP) – The British acknowledged today that Japanese troops had swept south of Ipoh, Malaya tin mining city and communications center 290 miles north of Singapore, and announced the fall of Kuching, capital of Sarawak, on the Island of Borneo.

A headquarters communique said the British on the Perak front in Malaya are “in close contact with the enemy south of Ipoh,” but gave no further information.

The British radio in London said the announcement of fighting south of Ipoh “does not necessarily mean that Ipoh has been lost.” The broadcast was heard by CBS.

The Tokio radio broadcast an army announcement saying Ipoh had been in Japanese hands since about noon yesterday.

British declared in retreat

The Jap communique said Japanese units were pushing southward “in pursuit of the retreating British.” Ipoh, it continued, is of considerable strategic value as one of the major stations on the west coast railway system connecting Prai, on the mainland opposite Penang, with Singapore.

“The fall of Ipoh opens to the Japanese advance for the first time modern roads and methods of transportation for a power drive toward Singapore,” the communique said.

Another Japanese communique, broadcast by the Tokio radio, told of the capture of Kuching. The army-navy communique said Japanese naval farces sank two submarines and shot down 10 large-type aircraft in waters off the Borneo north coast and admitted that one Japanese destroyer and one minesweeper were lost.

Elsewhere in Malaya the situation remained unchanged, the British communique said.

On the east coast, at Kuantan, Japanese aircraft bombed and machine-gunned British positions, but no damage or casualties were reported.

The Japanese yesterday landed parachute troops near Medan, on the Netherlands Indies island of Sumatra, in an apparent attempt to flank Singapore from the west, but the Dutch communique today made no reference to the landing and observers in Batavia believed the Japanese attempt had made little headway.

Fighting in the Ipoh area blazed up yesterday when British land units, backed by artillery, beat off the Japanese at Chemor, a railroad point about 12 miles north of Ipoh, and repulsed Japanese patrols at a strategic ferry crossing over the Perak River, which runs beside the British positions along the Malayan north-south railroad about 15 miles southwest of Ipoh.

The action reported today apparently was in the area southwest of the Malayan city, where fighting has been in progress now for two days.

Kuching’s fall confirmed

British headquarters here said reports regarding Sarawak confirmed the Japanese capture of Kuching, 475 miles due east of Singapore.

The communique said medium bombers of the RAF made another attack on the airdrome at Sungai Petani, near Penang and nearly 100 miles north of Ipoh, causing a number of fires and explosions.

It said reconnaissances confirmed that British bombers in an attack on that same target Saturday night destroyed seven fighters and three heavy bombers and badly damaged five other Japanese fighters.

The Japanese raided Port Swettenham, Malaya, yesterday, the communique added, with slight damage reported. There was a raid this morning on Kluang Airdrome, it said.

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Philippines receive Roosevelt pledge to ‘redeem’ liberty

Early emphasizes time needed because of long distances
By the Associated Press

President Roosevelt pledged to the war-scourged people of the Philippines today that “their freedom will be redeemed and their independence established and protected.”

“The entire resources, in men and material of the United States stand behind that pledge,” the president said.

In connection with the president’s message, Stephen Early, Mr. Roosevelt’s secretary, commented that it might take time for ample aid to reach the Philippines because of the long distances involved and remarked that, in a military sense, distances many times are synonymous with time measurements.

In response to a question whether Mr. Roosevelt’s use of the word “redeem” indicated that the Chief Executive felt that the islands might be lost temporarily, Mr. Early replied, “I shouldn’t think so, no.”

Tokio anticipates victory

As Mr. Roosevelt’s message, broadcast by shortwave, was made public, Domei already was anticipating victory. The official Japanese news agency reported that the Japanese expeditionary forces on Luzon were concentrating their main efforts on capturing Manila “before New Year’s.”

The Domei announcement caused no great surprise here, for it is well known that the Japanese seek to have their victories fall on important festivals – and New Year’s is Japan’s greatest holiday.

It was Manila’s tremendous ordeal and the valiant fight of the Philippines’ defenders that prompted President Roosevelt to send his message to the people of the islands last night.

Good fight praised

The Chief Executive, calling the occasion a “solemn” one, praised the Philippines for their “gallant struggle against the Japanese aggressor.”

“The resources of the United States, of the British Empire, of the Netherlands East Indies and of the Chinese Republic have been dedicated by their people to the utter and complete defeat of the Japanese war lords. In this great struggle of the Pacific the loyal Americans of the Philippine Islands are called upon to play a crucial role.

“The people of the United States will never forget what the people of the Philippine Islands are doing this day and will do in days to come. I give to the people of the Philippines my solemn pledge that their freedom will be redeemed and their independence established and protected. The entire resources, in men and material, of the United States stand behind that pledge.

“It is not for me or for the people of this country to tell you when your duty lies. I count on every Philippine man, woman and child to do his duty. We will do ours.”

Meanwhile, the president arranged a relatively light schedule for today, making separate appointments with Dr. Alexander Loudon, the Netherlands minister, and Adm. Ernest J. King, commander in chief of the U.S. Fleet.

Before his message to the Philippines the president called in the Army and Navy high command for a conference which lasted an hour and a half.

Secretary Knox, asked as he left the White House whether there was anything he could say about the meeting, replied: “It was very hush-hush.”

A meeting of the British-American War Council – composed of military, naval and air chiefs of the two nations – presumably was held during the forenoon.

The War Council, it was indicated, met elsewhere than the Executive Mansion.

Fireside chat feasible

No Britons were present, Mr. Knox said, at the conference between the president and the Army and Navy chieftains.

Others attending, in addition to the Navv Secretary, were Secretary of War Stimson, Gen. George C. Marshall, Army chief of staff; Lt. Gen. H. H. Arnold, deputy chief of staff for air; Adm. Harold R. Stark, chief of Naval Operations; Adm. Ernest J. King, commander in chief of the fleet, and Rear Adm. Richmond K. Turner, director of war plans for the Navy.

Mr. Roosevelt’s statement Saturday night that he would give a detailed accounting of the conferences, as soon as possible, stirred speculation, meantime, over whether he planned another fireside chat in the near future.

His statement did not indicate how this accounting would be given, whether in such a radio talk or in some communication to Congress. White House officials would not amplify on it.

Tojo to report war’s outbreak to sun goddess

TOKIO (Official Broadcast) (AP) – Premier Gen. Hideki Tojo will fly tomorrow to the grand shrines of Ise, 250 miles southwest of Tokio, to report to the sun goddess, Amaterasu O Mi Kami, the outbreak of the “Greater East Asia war” and to pray for ultimate victory, an official announcement said today.

He is expected to return to Tokio at noon Wednesday.

(Amaterasu is the principal deity of the Japanese pantheon, “the divine ancestress of the race” and of the imperial house. All major developments are reported to her by high officials making ceremonial visits to her shrines at Ise.)

Sen. Capper to talk in Forum

“The United Nation” is the subject of an address which Sen. Capper, R-Kansas, will deliver at the National Radio Forum at 9 o’clock tonight. The forum is arranged by The Star and broadcast over the network of the National Broadcasting Co. It can be heard locally over WMAL.

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‘Suicide squads’ of Filipinos credited with halting drive

MANILA (AP) – “Suicide squads” of young Filipino soldiers were credited today with halting the first rush of the Japanese advance in Northern Luzon and helping to drive back the invaders in at least one sector. But United States Army headquarters at the same time warned of a fresh threat in the south, where, they said, the Japanese were landing reinforcements.

Army advices otherwise were meager, simply reporting “no material change” in the north or south. An officer returned from the northern front said the Japanese appeared to be falling back from Tayug, 100 miles north of Manila and 20 miles inland from Lingayen Gulf, and a Manila Bulletin reporter, back from the same sector, told of the work of the “suicide squads.”

Bert Silen, NBC reporter in Manila, said eyewitnesses returning from the front reported the Japanese “in full retreat” in the province of Pangasinan, just south of Lingayen Gulf, with four towns recaptured out of six they had occupied. In the south, Mr. Silen said, the defenders’ lines “are in excellent position… expected to hold the enemy in check.”

The young Filipinos, the Manila Bulletin reporter said, had fought off the Japanese for at least 48 hours beginning Christmas morning, thus enabling the Army command to reorganize the main body of the defense forces and redispose them in more favorable terrain.

Rushed in front of tanks

One tank commander told the reporter that “during our many sallies into enemy territory those Filipinos just rushed in front of our tanks to get at the Japs. Hell, what do they think our tanks are here for?”

After the American lines had been re-established, the fighting settled down into long-range artillery exchanges, with frequent intense tank action in which the Japanese infantry, following up its tanks, was said to have lost heavily.

A fleet of Japanese transports in Lingayen Gulf, off the coast of the province of La Union, was reported driven off by the American guns without even attempting any further landings.

Meanwhile, Manila, after two days of successive bombing in spite of its designation as an open city, saw no raiders today. There was a 56-minute air raid alarm starting at 12:37 p.m. (10:37 p.m. EST Sunday) but no raiders appeared.

An earlier alarm at 8:30 a.m. (8:30 p.m. EST Sunday) was caused by a Japanese reconnaissance plane which roared over the walled city’s bombed area and down the Pasig River. The alert lasted an hour and two minutes.

Mr. Silen in his broadcast reported two alarms without bombs being dropped. He said there were unconfirmed reports that Dutch planes had sunk 12 Japanese transports seeking to land reinforcements at Davao, on the island of Mindanao.

At Batavia, in the Netherlands Indies, no confirmation could be obtained of the reports of these sinkings.

Corregidor raided

Japanese planes raided the island fortress of Corregidor, at the entrance to Manila Bay, for two hours, but lost a number of planes in the operation. Four planes staged an unsuccessful attack on two bridges near Calumpit, in Balacan Province, 26 miles northwest of Manila, where three civilians were injured.

Anti-aircraft guns at the front were reported to have brought down nine Japanese planes Saturday and official advices said three more were shot down yesterday.

Approximately 4,000 prisoners in Bilibid Prison attempted an unsuccessful break late last night reportedly because they wished to join the Army to fight the Japanese.

Press reports said prisoners of pro-Japanese Ganap Party affiliations had circulated rumors the United States and Philippine forces had been unable to stem the Japanese advance, and that the prisoners revolted. Several buildings were set afire during the disturbance and 10 of the prisoners were believed to have been shot or burned to death. All the prisoners were kept within the prison’s compound.

That the Filipino reaction to Japanese bombings of the city Saturday and yesterday was one of bitter indignation rather than terror was evident on all sides as masses of people viewed the scenes of death and destruction.

Filipinos incensed

One high Filipino said, “Filipinos are so incensed that I could go out on the downtown plazas today and raise thousands of middle-aged and older men who are anxious to go to the front lines to battle these destroyers.”

Ignacio Javier, a Filipino radio commentator, said during a broadcast, “It is now plain that the Japanese are changing their tactics toward the Filipino people. They realize they cannot divide us from our American benefactors and protectors, nay, comrades. They realize they cannot fool us with promises and propaganda. Now they are resorting to the usual weapon of the stupid and clumsy. They are trying to intimidate us by bombing churches and colleges as soon as Manila is an open city.”

Eight coastal ships which had been moored in the Pasig River and which had been objectives of repeated bombing by the Japanese yesterday and Saturday, were scuttled in order to eliminate them as targets.

Even their superstructures were destroyed as the river is too shallow to permit them to be completely submerged.

The raiders who bombed the city yesterday for the second consecutive day found no opposition.

Roaring in at low altitudes, at least five formations of nine planes each pounded the city savagely between 11:24 a.m. (9:24 p.m. EST Saturday) and 1:28 p.m., loosing scores of bombs and setting at least four major fires.

[NormanStewart]

At 4:22 p.m. Manila had another 46-minute alert when three more Japanese air raiders strafed suburban Camp Murphy – which previously had been evacuated – from a height of only 200 feet. The attackers did not fly over the city itself this time.

Though preliminary reports showed that yesterday morning’s attack injured only three persons and caused no fatalities, material damage was heavy.

The Philippine Treasury building, badly damaged in Saturday’s three-hour-and-77-minute assault, was hit again. Also struck were old Fort Santiago and the headquarters of the U.S. Army Engineers on an island in the Pasig River, the buildings of Deletran College adjoining Santo Domingo Church, which was destroyed yesterday, and the plant of the Manila Herald.

One bomb struck the Dunlop Tire Co. Building and others hit the Santa Rosa and Santa Catalina Schools, starting a fire which swept through an entire block.

No hint defenses will return

A communique issued from Gen. MacArthur’s headquarters last evening declared pointedly that “until Manila was declared an open city it was noticeable the Japanese did not attempt to attack civilian installations from the air.

“But as soon as the Army was withdrawn, including anti-aircraft protection, they immediately raided, hitting all types of civilian premises, including bridges, convents, churches, business houses and residences.”

Despite this declaration, and a Tokio radio announcement asserting the Japanese had no intention of recognizing Manila as an open city, there was no hint that authorities planned to restore Manila’s defenses.

On the contrary, Gen. MacArthur’s headquarters announced last evening that Manila no longer would be blacked out and the radio station was permitted to resume longwave broadcasts.

“Tonight and all nights in the future Manila will be lighted,” the announcement said.

The Tokio radio broadcast explaining the official Japanese attitude toward Manila declared that it had been a nerve center for resistance in the Philippines, and that the Japanese air force would continue its attacks.

The broadcast urged Manila residents to leave the city and go to the inland towns of Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal province, in which Manila is situated.

Japs planning to take Manila by New Year’s

TOKIO (Official Broadcast) (AP) – Domei News Agency declared last night that Japanese forces are concentrating their main effort in the Philippines on an attempt to capture Manila “before New Year’s.”

Domei said large scale air raid drills would be conducted soon throughout Japan, with particular emphasis on protection of communication lines and firefighting.

The drills are to be as realistic as possible but without warning sirens, which will be reserved for use in event of a real raid, the news agency explained.

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Churchill welcomed by Ottawa; plans to return here

‘Far-reaching decisions’ expected after he comes back to Washington

OTTAWA (AP) – Prime Minister Churchill was given a tumultuous welcome here today as he arrived by special train on an excursion from Washington, where he intends to return for further important war discussions.

A member of the prime minister’s entourage let it be known that Mr. Churchill left the United States to visit this dominion capital because of the swift development of the strategy and supply talks in Washington, and said it was expected “far-reaching decisions can be taken” on his return.

The prime minister plunged at once into a round of meetings with key figures in Canada’s war effort, and prepared to address the Canadian Senate and House of Commons tomorrow.

He held an hour’s conference with the Canadian cabinet, and was reported to have given a summary of his discussions with President Roosevelt.

He raised his hand in the “V” sign of victory, and lifted his black hat as cheers of the crowd rang through the station area.

The chill of the snow-carpeted Canadian capital was felt even inside the station.

Beside the British prime minister was Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King of Canada.

He also was accompanied by members of Canada’s War Council and Air Marshal Sir Charles Portal, Britain’s chief of air staff.

Travels in Roosevelt Pullman

Mr. Churchill traveled in the special Pullman used by President Roosevelt with the crew of porters and Secret Service men who normally look after the president’s safety and comfort.

The train left Washington in wartime secrecy at 2:15 p.m. yesterday. During brief stops at New York, New Haven arid Springfield, Massachusetts, special police details kept station platforms clear.

Late in the evening, as the train sped through a snowstorm outside Springfield. Mr. Churchill held an animated conversation with the Canadian prime minister and began preparing tomorrow’s address.

Sixteen American, British, Canadian and Australian newspapermen aboard the train asked for an interview, but Mr. Churchill explained through his naval aide, Cmdr. C. R. Thompson, that he had important matters to discuss with Mr. King.

Will return to Washington

“The prime minister can say that the conversations at Washington are progressing so favorably he was delighted to take advantage of the imitation to visit Ottawa,” the statement continued.

“On his return to Washington he anticipates that important detailed coordination work will he well advanced so that practical, far-reaching decisions can be taken.”

No further detail of his plans for returning to Washington was given, however.

The train took Mr. Churchill through an industrial countryside studded with plants turning out war weapons lor the nations fighting the Axis, but Britain’s minister of supply, Lord Beaverbrook remained in Washington. He may fly to Ottawa for Mr. Churchill’s address, however.

Despite the attempt to clothe Mr. Churchill’s movements in secrecy, hundreds of spectators jostled in the wide street and square at the station, and planes and trains were bringing other hundreds hourly from the maritime, Pacific and prairie provinces.

Microphones installed

For the first time in history, microphones were being installed in the Canadian Commons so that the speech tomorrow may be broadcast. The Commons seats only 250 persons.

Broadcast of the address is being arranged by the CBS, NBC Blue and NBC networks. The time is announced as 1:45 p.m. EST, or shortly thereafter.

The official party moved away from the railway station through the seething crowd. Royal Canadian mounted police, railway police and Boy Scouts were on guard. Crowds on the snow-covered streets and persons leaning from office windows cheered the party as it was driven to Government House w here Mr. Churchill was welcomed by the Earl of Athlone, the governor-general, and Princess Alice.

Within an hour the prime minister attended a war cabinet meeting.

President thanks press, radio for Churchill handling

By the Associated Press

President Roosevelt bestowed upon the press and radio today, through his secretary, Stephen Early, a “well-deserved but somewhat belated orchid” for cooperation in measures taken to safeguard Prime Minister Churchill.

Mr. Early said the president had asked him to pass along the oral “orchid” for the withholding of news about Mr. Churchill’s visit until his actual arrival and for refraining from publicizing the prime minister’s departure yesterday, notwithstanding an official announcement in Ottawa as to the time Mr. Churchill was due there.

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Russia and Britain in full accord on conduct of war

Momentous conferences are held in Moscow by Stalin and Eden

MOSCOW (AP) – Soviet Russia and Great Britain were in full accord today on conduct of the war through momentous Moscow negotiations between Premier Stalin and British Foreign Secretary Eden paralleling the Roosevelt-Churchill meetings in Washington.

Their agreement was announced simultaneously in London and Moscow last night following conferences which have taken place during the last half of this month in the Kremlin with the United States kept closely informed.

Not only have the London and Moscow governments agreed on plans for prosecuting the war, the statement said, but they also have already initiated discussions on post-war peace and security.

Identity of views

But the immediate task, it emphasized, is the defeat of Germany. On this subject the joint declaration said:

“The conversations, which took place in a friendly atmosphere, showed an identity of views of both parties on all questions relating to the conduct of the war, and especially with regard to the necessity for the utter defeat of Hitlerite Germany and adoption of measures to render completely impossible any repetition of German aggression in the future.”

The Stalin-Eden conversations were regarded here as a counterpart of the just concluded Washington talks between President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill and also of the historic Atlantic charter meeting of the American and British leaders.

Thurston is present

The United States’ interest in the Moscow deliberations was stressed by the fact that Walter Thurston, American charge d’affaires at Kuibyshev, the auxiliary capital, flew to Moscow to keep his government informed.

Izvestia, the government newspaper, said in an editorial that “there is no doubt that further rapprochement between the USSR and Great Britain will meet the ardent approval of the peoples of both countries.”

Stalin was flanked at the meetings by Ivan Maisky, Soviet ambassador to London, and Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov. Sitting in with Mr. Eden were Sir Stafford Cripps, British ambassador to Moscow; Sir Alexander Cadogan, permanent undersecretary of foreign affairs, and Lt. Gen. Archibald Edward Nye, vice chief of the British general staff.

Dinner concludes visit

Mr. Eden had five lengthy talks with Stalin, and his visit was concluded with a dinner at the Kremlin attended by the full array of Soviet military and political leaders.

No specific instruments were signed and the communique gave only the vague outline of the talks, but a high British source said both sides exchanged their views fully, presented concrete proposals and were “well pleased with the results.”

The conversations were divided into two parts. The first covered both military and political conduct of the war.

The second involved post-war problems, a subject which was discussed directly for the first time by Stalin and the British minister.

Impressed with Stalin

The British delegation was impressed by what was described as the “well-founded confidence” of Stalin and his thorough grasp of all questions raised.

Mr. Eden spent a day at the Moscow front, visiting the Klin area, 50 miles northwest of the capital. He saw the scene of a sharp tank engagement and talked with a half dozen German prisoners who were not aware of his identity.

The prisoners, clad in light over coats, told Mr. Eden their principal complaint had been the cold.

Mr. Eden himself discarded his famous black homburg for a fur hat during the visit and wore a brown RAF sweater and fleece-lined boots.

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Gloom is deepening over Nazi Europe, Earle declares

German plot indicated as Bulgars spirit U.S. diplomats away

ISTANBUL, Dec. 27 (Delayed) (AP) – George H. Earle III, who has been United States minister to Bulgaria, arrived today from Sofia and described a deepening gloom settling on Nazi-dominated Europe.

He said Rumanian and Hungarian hospitals were choked with German wounded from eastern front hospital trains, and asserted the German people and soldiers alike were sickened by Adolf Hitler’s assumption of personal command of the German Army.

“German fortunes definitely are declining,” he said, but added that “the death throes may be unprecedentedly violent.”

Mr. Earle arrived with his entire legation staff after being hustled mysteriously out of Sofia after Bulgaria’s declaration of war on the United States. Members of his staff said they thought the Bulgars had gotten wind of a Nazi plot against them to create an incident.

Bulgar authorities who took them at the last minute to little-used stations on the capital’s outskirts instead of the central station explained that they feared a Russian bombing to make it appear that Bulgaria had violated diplomatic protection, they said. The staff consensus, however, was that the Bulgars really feared a German plot.

All non-diplomatic American residents in Bulgaria – about 20 – were compelled by Nazi-controlled Bulgarian police to remain behind the staff members said, presumably to serve as hostages for Germans living in the United States.

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OPM plan urged to put small plants on arms production

Mead says program would speed output of tanks and planes
By the Associated Press

Sen. Mead, D-New York, proposed today vastly increased powers for the OPM’s division of contract distribution in order to bring thousands of small plants into production for the Nation’s armament program.

The New Yorker asserted in a statement that with sufficient authority the contract distribution division, headed by Floyd Odium, could bring an additional 50,000 small plants into defense production.

He urged that Mr. Odium’s division be given authority to make loans and grants, to wield a “big stick” on priorities, to require the breaking up of big contracts, to furnish technical aid where necessary and to establish field offices in every state and industrial section of the country.

Speed up production

Such a program, he said, “would accelerate the war production of ships, planes, tanks, guns and all of the necessary and vital equipment required by our military organization … everything ordered for delivery in 1943 could be delivered by the end of 1942 if this universal enlistment of small business is made effective.”

Sen. Mead is a member of a special Senate committee studying the problems of small business.

Office of Production Management officials called on vocational schools today for an around-the-clock program of training workers for war industries and, coincidentally, urged that vital defense plants keep their machinery humming despite year-end inventories.

Sidney Hillman, associate director of the OPM, asked that vocational institutions place all shop and training machinery on a 24-hour-day and 7-day-week basis. He said that more than 600 schools already were operating on that schedule and added that the existing pool of skilled workers soon would be entirely absorbed in war industries.

Knudsen voices plea

From Director General William S. Knudsen, meanwhile, came another OPM statement that war industries should attempt to avoid shutdowns for year-end inventories.

Mr. Knudsen added that if any war industry found it “absolutely necessary” to shut down for inventory it should “take every possible step to minimize the period of such shutdown.”

In the field of labor, the CIO said that material shortages were causing economic dislocations which would add about 2,500,000 persons to the rolls of the unemployed. That increase would bring unemployment to approximately 7,500,000, a CIO statement added.

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Union chiefs, Miss Perkins discuss War Labor Board

William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor, and Philip Murray, president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, conferred with Secretary Perkins for more than two hours at the Labor Department today.

Among the subjects discussed was the organization of the War Labor Board, soon to be appointed, and the procedure it should follow in maintaining industrial peace during the war. “We discussed all kinds of possibilities, including the size of the board and arbitration procedure,” Secretary Perkins told reporters after the conference. Personnel of the board, however, did not figure in the conversations, she said.

Miss Perkins also plans to obtain the views of employers on operation and organization of the new agency. The board probably will be appointed within a week or so, she said.

Presidents Murray and Green, in their conference with Secretary Perkins, expressed the view that the U.S. Employment Service should be transferred back to the Department of Labor. This service is now under the jurisdiction of the Federal Security Agency. The AFL and the CIO, it was indicated, will urge the President to return this service to the Labor Department.

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Austin predicts Allies will guard exchanges against fluctuations

Stabilization problem one of many confronting Congress January 5
By the Associated Press

Sen. Austin, R-Vermont, predicted yesterday that the United States, England, Russia, China and other nations battling the Axis powers must work out a plan for stabilizing their monetary exchanges “in order to coordinate efficiently our full war effort.”

Sen. Austin, assistant Senate Republican leader, told reporters this would be one of the many war problems facing the new session of Congress that will begin next week.

The Vermont senator supported the lease-lend program, but he said he thought it would not prove adequate in meeting financial problems of the joint war efforts of the Allies.

Must balance fluctuations

Wide fluctuations among monetary values of anti-Axis nations, he said, could and must be “neutralized.”

“We are going places we never dreamed we would go before we get through,” he commented.

Any monetary agreement probably would be only for duration of the war, Sen. Austin said, but added that a similar problem would rise again with peace.

Congressional leaders plan to begin the second session of the 77th Congress on Monday, January 5.

The new session ordinarily would begin January 3, but leaders expected general agreement on a two-day delay. All pending legislative matters will carry through into the new session.

House to get new tax bill

House committees will begin consideration of major fiscal problems – writing a new tax bill to bring in additional billions of federal revenue, and making wartime appropriations with an eye to trimming non-vital expenditures.

The Senate will have three major matters for immediate disposition: Price-control legislation already voted by the House; the effort to disqualify Sen. Langer, R-North Dakota, and proposed legislation against strikes.

The Senate Privileges and Election Committee already has voted 13-3 to deny Langer his seat. A spirited debate, possibly lasting a week or longer, is expected to precede Senate action.

The Senate Banking Committee is scheduled to complete revision of wartime price-control legislation January 2 after drastic rewriting of the measure passed by the House before the outbreak of war.

Labor bills up

Chairman Thomas said he will call the Senate Labor Committee together soon after the first of the year to discuss a variety of bills dealing with wartime labor policies.

Sen. Thomas was associate moderator of the special labor-industry conference which recently agreed on elimination of all work stoppages and arbitration by a war labor board of such disputes as arise.

He said he believed this board could be set up under executive order without congressional action, and indicted he thought no legislation should be enacted.

“The conference assumed there will be no strikes during the war and we must give it full faith and credit,” Sen. Thomas said.

The National Federation for Constitutional Liberties, a private organization, has made public a statement signed by 352 persons saying enactment of anti-strike legislation would be “a dire threat” to the unity needed for prosecution of the war.

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Maureen O’Hara bride of dialogue director

McCOMB, Mississippi (AP) – Will Price, a local boy who went to Hollywood and made good as a film dialogue director, married screen actress Maureen O’Hara this afternoon at the picturesque St. Mary of the Pines Convent at nearby Chatawa.

There were no attendants and only members of the immediate Price family were present. The ceremony was performed by the Rev. John McNamara, pastor of St. Alphonsus Catholic Church of McComb.

Immediately after the wedding the couple was entertained at a reception at the home of Price’s parents, Mr. and Mrs. K. G. Price. They were to motor to New Orleans to spend their honeymoon and later will return to Hollywood by plane to make their home in Beverly Hills.

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Aliens get more time to turn in equipment

By the Associated Press

Regulations requiring German, Italian and Japanese nationals to surrender their radio transmitters, shortwave receiving sets and hand cameras were extended today to those nationals in Arizona.

They have until 11 p.m. tomorrow to turn in the prohibited equipment to local police authorities. The enemy aliens in seven other states in the Western Defense Command have until tonight to surrender such equipment.

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ABCD powers joined by a little ‘b’ in Jap war

WITH THE U.S. FORCES IN CENTRAL LUZON (AP) – The ABCD powers have a new ally in their war against Japan. He is “General Tomas,” the ruler of the warlike if diminutive Balugas who live in the mountains of West Central Luzon.

Tomas, with a sling of poisoned arrows over his shoulder, an ancient cartridge belt around his waist and a gleaming bolo in his hand, approached a group of American officers. He wore an old U.S. Army shirt and a fatigue cap.

He drew himself up to his full height – four feet – and, with great dignity, informed the officers that the Balugas, with the approval of their tribal councilor, his father “King Alfonso,” had decided unanimously to help America fight Japan.

Tomas previously had captured three Japanese airmen, who had parachuted from their planes, and delivered them to the American forces.

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Philadelphia ‘bombs’ only fishermen’s flares

PHILADELPHIA (AP) – Five powder-filled cylinders which officials at first declared were incendiary bombs, discovered on the city police dock and creating a sabotage scare along the Delaware River front, were described by Detective Capt. Joseph Kearns today as “the kind of flares used by fishermen.”

“They were not dangerous,” he asserted.

The cardboard containers, each about 18 inches long and filled with black powder attached to a fuse, were found yesterday behind a pile of old fish nets on the dock at the foot of Race Street, in the shadow of the Philadelphia-Camden Bridge.

Army and Navy intelligence officers and FBI agents were called into the investigation, and special police patrols were ordered to search every pier along the sprawling water front.

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Hotel, used for Axis envoys, closed to public

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, West Virginia (AP) – The multi-million-dollar Greenbrier Hotel and cottages at this famed mountain resort has been closed for the “time being” to the public, it was announced today.

The famous eastern spa has been the home for two weeks of about 150 German and Italian nationals, members of diplomatic staffs and their families, and others are en route.

George O’Brien, assistant manager of the hotel, said that “for the time being we are not receiving new guests.”

The action, he said, “was requested by the State Department in Washington.”

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Fly casting champion found shot to death

EAST ORANGE, New Jersey (AP) – Arthur J. Neu, prominent fly caster and holder of many championships in the sport, was found shot to death today in his home here.

George P. Olcott, assistant Essex County medical examiner, said Neu, who was 61, died of a self-inflicted shotgun wound in the chest. Neu had been in poor health for several months.

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Japanese envoys and staff of 100 moved to Virginia

Taken to Union Station to entrain for hotel at Hot Springs

Japanese Ambassador Kichisaburo Nomura, Japan’s special “peace envoy” Saburo Kurusu and the entire staff of 100 of the Japanese Embassy were removed from the Embassy this morning and put on a train bound for Hot Springs, Virginia.

A State Department official who supervised the “evacuation” said the envoys and their aides would be kept at Hot Springs until all Japanese consuls and consular staffs had been rounded up and sent there. They will remain there until the State Department permits them to return to Japan.

Sometime after the Embassy was vacated, the State Department formally announced:

“The Japanese Embassy staff is being concentrated pending their departure from the United States at the Homestead, Hot Springs, Va.

“Japanese correspondents also will be assembled in a few days and concentrated with the Embassy staff at Hot Springs.”

The moving operations began about 8 a.m. and were carried out under heavy police guard. Four Capital Transit Co. buses were used to transport the Embassy employees and their baggage to Union Station.

Envoys in limousines

The ambassador and Mr. Kurusu left with their personal secretaries in two sightseeing limousines.

Preceded by a motorcycle escort the motorcade of buses and limousines left for the station about 9:30 a.m. In the first car was Adm. Nomura and his secretary and an FBI agent, who rode in the front seat with the driver. Directly behind was Mr. Kurusu and his secretary, also accompanied by a G-man. They were followed by the buses.

Bringing up the rear more than a dozen newsreel men and newspaper photographers followed in their cars, all the way to the station.

Embassy employees started loading the baggage shortly after 8 a.m. and about 9 o’clock the first bus was filled with employees of the mission. Two other buses then were quickly loaded with other employees and then a fourth drew up before the Embassy door on Massachusetts Avenue to be filled with baggage. The baggage included trunks, valises, golf clubs, baby carriages, wooden crates, tennis rackets and other articles.

Make reverent bows

As each bus was driven through the Embassy gates, the occupants turned their heads toward the Embassy, doffed hats and made a small reverent bow.

Shortly after all buses had been driven out on Massachusetts Avenue, Ambassador Nomura’s secretary came out, followed a moment later by the ambassador, carrying his hat in his right and a cane in his left.

Photographers who had formed a semi-circle directly in front of the entrance asked the admiral to stop and pose for a minute on the steps. He refused, however, and moved slowly and unsmilingly to the door of his car.

Mr. Kurusu was a little more obliging. He stopped and posed willingly enough, but without a smile, for about 15 seconds before getting into his car. Both envoys refused to talk with reporters.

The Embassy officials and employees will not be permitted to leave American territory until U.S. envoys and their staffs in Tokio and other Japanese cities have left Japan’s jurisdiction.

The last report the State Department, received from its official envoys in Japan and Japanese-occupied parts of China, received December 26, through the Swiss Legation, said they were safe and well.

Since the war broke out, the Japanese Embassy and its staff have been under close surveillance by FBI agents. The Spanish ambassador has taken charge of the affairs of Japan in this country.

The staff of the German Embassy, the Hungarian Legation and German newspaper correspondents in this country were sent to White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, December 19, but the Italian ambassador, Prince Colonna, and his aides are still in the Embassy here.

Litvinoff and Hull confer

Soviet Ambassador Maxim Litvinoff conferred for 45 minutes with Secretary of State Hull today. He would tell reporters only that “the general situation” was discussed.

[NormanStewart]

Jap cruiser fired, transport and planes claimed in Indies

Enemy attempt to get foothold in Sumatra believed failure

BATAVIA, Netherlands Indies (AP) – Dutch pilots flying Glenn Martin bombers scored a direct hit on a large Japanese transport and probably felled two Japanese fighter planes in an attack on Miri, Sarawak, and Australians flying American-built Hudsons set fire to a Japanese cruiser north of Celebes, a Netherlands Indies communique reported today.

This official announcement confirmed previous reports of the hit on the cruiser, which was in a convoy attacked by Australian pilots operating from a Dutch airdrome.

The fact that the communique made no reference to yesterday’s landings of Japanese parachute troops near Medan, on the island of Sumatra, led observers here to believe the invaders had been unable to make much headway in their first attempt to win a foothold on Indies territory.

BBC, in a broadcast heard in New York by NBC, quoted a Batavia communique as authority for the statement that “the reports of a Japanese parachute landing on Medan, on Sumatra, are based on a misunderstanding from the Japanese air raid on this town.”

Raid toll increased

Today’s communique did, however, raise the toll of a simultaneous Japanese air attack on the Medan airport. “At present,” it said, “casualties are reported to amount to 30 dead and 70 injured. Further particulars are awaited.” First accounts had fixed the casualty list at 20 killed and 40 wounded.

It was learned on good authority that the Japanese had followed up their attack on Sumatra by dropping leaflets over the northern part of the island warning the population to cease resistance.

Medan is about 225 miles southwest across the Strait of Malacca from Ipoh, the most vital tin mining and communications center in Perak state, British Malaya. Ipoh is about 290 airline miles north of Singapore.

It is today acknowledged that the Japs had swept south of Ipoh.

A Japanese hold on the eastern coast of Sumatra would be an obvious help to the push against Singapore down the long Malay Peninsula.

Airline office hit

The raid on Medan apparently was intended to distract Dutch attention from the parachute troops. A direct hit was scored on the office of the KNILM – the Royal Netherlands Indies Airline.

The action around Medan was part of a series of week-end blows by and against the Japanese.

A Sunday daylight raid on Sorong, on the north coast of New Guinea, caused the death of one person and the wounding of others, Aneta said. Homes, shops and office buildings were demolished. Many fires were set.

A brief communique reported two other Japanese air assaults on outlying Dutch islands. A number of anchored naval aircraft was reported attacked on one. Some damage was caused but particulars were not available.

During the other raid, in an eastern region of the archipelago, the communique said a Dutch Royal Packet Navigation Co. merchant vessel was attacked and machine gunned by Japanese aircraft. One person was killed and three were wounded, but damage to the ship was slight.

Naval reinforcement urged

Aneta reported that the Soerabaja Handelsblad, one of the leading Javanese newspapers, has urged that the Netherlands government-in-exile in London transfer Dutch naval units from European waters to the Indies.

“As long as things had not started moving in the Pacific,” said the Handelsblad, “it was a good thing that the Netherlands naval forces tried to jump on the enemy anywhere they could find him in European waters.

“Now things are different and it would be an act of wise naval policy if the relatively valuable naval forces which are at Netherlands disposal in European waters would be sent to the Netherlands Indies to assist the navy here in carrying out its offensive purposes.”

Minesweeper, destroyers lost, Japanese admit

HOLLYWOOD, California (AP) – The Tokio radio today broadcast an announcement by the navy section of the Japanese Imperial Headquarters conceding the loss of one minesweeper and two destroyers in operations off British Borneo. The broadcast was heard by NBC.

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Marines’ defense of Wake Island as heroic as Alamo, Navy says in stirring account

HONOLULU (AP) – Dispatches sent while death rained from sky and sea on virtually shelterless Wake Island sketched tersely today how less than 400 Marines, with only four planes aloft, held off numerically superior Japanese for 14 days, bagging 12 aircraft and five ships before being overpowered.

“Probably no military force in American history, not even the defenders of the Alamo, ever fought against greater odds nor with greater effect in view of those odds,” acclaimed the Navy in summarizing the reports for the first time.

Nor did those tough marines once admit defeat.

“The issue is in doubt,” read the last dispatch sent on December 22.

Attack after attack was hurled back. Beset by 200 planes during those 14 days, the little garrison, knowing there could be no reinforcements from Hawaii, 2,500 miles away, loosed such deadly fire that the Japanese had to abandon low-flying assaults for a time.

Account given by Navy

The account of the heroic defense of Wake Island, as released by the Navy, follows:

“This is part, and only a part, of the story of the battle of Wake Island. Its compilation was taken from official dispatches sent while the battle raged, when time was precious and no words wasted. Therefore, it is devoid of any but the simplest facts.

“The battle began almost at the same time as the assault launched against Pearl Harbor. The day and hour was different because Wake Island lies west of the international dateline. It was Sunday, the 7th, in Honolulu, Monday, the 8th, on Wake. The battle ended sometime after 5 p.m., December 22, Wake time. That was the hour of the dispatching of the last report from Wake’s defenders to headquarters of the 14th Naval District at Pearl Harbor. The report said that the enemy was on the island and that several ships and a transport was moving in. Shortly afterward the Wake radio fell silent, not to be heard again.

“Official reports indicate that probably no military force in American history, not even the defenders of the Alamo, ever fought against greater odds nor with greater effect in view of those odds. The reports show that during the 14 days of Wake’s siege not fewer than 200 Japanese planes bombed and machine-gunned the tiny isle’s defenders. This figure does not include those in the final attack, whereof the number is unknown. But as many as 50 bombers, some four-motored seaplanes, attacked the island in a single raid. During the closing days of the siege they (the defenders) had only two and finally one plane. These were patched together between flights. Nevertheless, Marine fliers, plus anti-aircraft batteries, managed to bring down at least 12 enemy planes. After the first surprise attack, the enemy acquired a healthy respect for this defense combination and gave up low-altitude strafing and bombing for high-level attack. Even so, until the garrison was overwhelmed by a landing force, the Marines, fliers and anti-aircraft batteries continued to give a good account of themselves.

Attack by land planes

“The first attack on the eighth was made by between 20 and 30 twin-engined bombers, apparently of medium class. These were land planes and possibly from Japan’s mandated islands south of Wake. They carried light bombs and were armed with incendiary cannon and machineguns. Four of the 12 Marine planes based on the island were in the air when the enemy appeared in a low glide out of a cloud bank. The other eight planes were being serviced. The enemy went for these at once. Seven were total losses from bomb hits and fire and only the remnants of the eighth salvageable. The landing field was damaged but remained useable. Also, enemy bombs failed to find Marine stores and aviation gasoline. The gasoline supply of the Pan American Airways’ base was ignited. Casualties in the first raid were heavy. Some 25 persons were killed and more than that number wounded.

“Raid number two followed the next day at almost the same hour. About 20 bombers attacked, these including incendiaries in their bomb loads. Raid number three came before the day was over – this was the ninth of December at Wake Island. Due to vigorous plane and anti-aircraft defenses, damage was less severe than on December 8.

“The third day of the battle, December 10, brought the fourth air raid and the first surface attack. As dawn broke, enemy warships started pumping shells onto the flat, virtually shelterless atoll. There is practically not a natural cover against bombardment on Wake. Except for man-made construction, its surface is bare and inhospitable. As the enemy warships opened fire, their aircraft came over in waves. Nevertheless Wake’s guns replied with such good effect to this double attack that a light cruiser and destroyer was sunk. The defenders also had the satisfaction of chalking up a total of six enemy planes destroyed to and including this third day of the battle.

“The effectiveness of the Wake shore batteries, demonstrated by the sinking of two warships, evidently impressed the enemy, for although on that day two transports with escort cruisers and destroyers were sighted they made no effort to land troops. They held off beyond the range of shore batteries. The purpose of this delay soon was evident. Eighteen planes, making the fifth raid of the battle, appeared from the southwest. As in this day’s earlier action the enemy was badly worsted. Although his bombs did no damage beyond further pulverizing beaches, two of his planes were shot down. Terse official dispatches made no mention of the garrison’s feelings, but the results of the blows exchanged December 10 must have been encouraging. And, after almost constant action for three days, the Marines still had three planes. They lost only one out of the four with which they started the battle, eight having been destroyed on the ground out of the original 12.

4-motored plane felled

“December 11 was another bright day in the defense of Wake. Toward dawn a four-engined enemy seaplane attacked. Marine fliers were ready for it and promptly shot it down. Meanwhile, the convoy reappeared and defending fliers attacked this, severely damaging one of its vessels. A submarine, which was discovered, was attacked with bombs and sunk.

“The enemy did not appear at Wake December 12.

“In the early morning of December 13, attacking by moonlight, large four-engined bombers came over the island. They were held off sufficiently by anti-aircraft, fire to prevent damage, although bombs dropped.

“December 14 was not so heartening. Nearly 50 enemy medium bombers came over in a succession of waves, the heaviest onslaught of the battle. Anti-aircraft and planes brought down three and damaged several others. But of the Marines’ three planes, one was destroyed on the ground and another washed out, landing in damaged condition, although the pilot escaped.

“The Japanese used incendiary bullets and bombs in this raid and caused heavy damage. By pattern bombing they were able to cover much of the island areas with such large numbers of planes. When the raid was over the Marine defenders had one plane left in service.

“How the Marines were able to patch up another plane in the space of a few hours on the blacked-out island with wrecked facilities may never be known. But when daylight of the 15th came the Marines again had two planes.

“During the night the ninth raid was made, but no serious damage was done.

Heavy damage on island

“On the 16th more than 25 bombers raided the island and again in the early evening of the 17th. By now practically every installation on the island was heavily damaged. The storehouse with spare parts and other material was gone, burned to the ground. The machine shop and blacksmith shop were wiped out. Frames of some of the buildings were standing, but the roofs and walls were badly damaged.

“On December 18 a heavy force of bombers, apparently medium class two-engined craft, which had carried out most of the raids, again attacked. They dropped heavy bombs, which caused severe damage to buildings left standing.

“Next day there was no raid, but on the 20th, large numbers of dive bombers, apparently operating from a carrier, attacked.

“On the 21st the enemy withheld his hand, then came back on the 22nd for the kill. Both land-based and carrier-operated planes attacked in large force – how large was never reported.

“Among the carrier planes were modern fighters. Nevertheless, against these overwhelming odds. Wake’s two planes went up to give battle. Several enemy planes were shot down, but one of the Wake pilots was lost and the second forced down, wounded. Wake had no further air defenses and the enemy closed in rapidly from sea after that. The island was shelled heavily and continuously, a barrage being laid down behind which the enemy began a landing attempt.

“Early the morning of December 22, Wake reported in the next to its final dispatch that the enemy was on the island. Then for the first time did the courageous garrison admit the battle was lost and even then in as gallant a bit of understatement as a brave man ever wrote.

“‘The issue is in doubt,’ the dispatch related. That was the end. The last report said the enemy had gained a foothold and that more ships and a transport were moving in. Even in this final phase the Wake batteries blasted away with great effect.

“The last phrase of the last dispatch was the statement that two of the enemy destroyers had been disabled. In all, the Wake garrison shot down at least a dozen enemy planes and took a toll of at least five enemy warships – three destroyers, a cruiser and a submarine.”

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Japs to be chased back into sea when tanks and planes go into action, U.S. colonel says

By Clark Lee, Associated Press war correspondent

WITH THE USAFFE IN CENTRAL LUZON (AP) – In the opinion of one hard-bitten United States Cavalry colonel whose regiment has seen some sharp fighting in Northern Luzon, the Japanese troops invading the Philippines are distinctly fourth-raters – and that, he says, is a charitable estimate.

“They’re no damned good on the ground,” the colonel declared contemptuously. “We licked the pants off them three times and were beaten only by their tanks and planes.

“When our tanks and planes go into action we’ll chase them back to the sea.

“Those Charlies – we call them Charlies – can’t shoot. Somebody gets hit about every 5,000 shots. At Tayug Christmas Day we fought them for seven hours and they were firing all the time, making a wonderful display, lots of noise and wasting ammunition.

“When it was all over one of my men was hit in the hand and one horse was killed.”

Tayug is about 100 miles north of Manila and 25 miles inland from the Lingayen Gulf.

“At Binalonan (west of Tayug) the previous day they surprise attacked before dawn and cut us off from our horses. Our line of withdrawal was open, but we love horses so we fought our way back to our bivouac. That scrap lasted five hours and ended when we busted their tank attack.”

Two American officers, whose names were withheld, were credited with playing an important part in smashing this attack at the price of their lives.

One of the officers, a young lieutenant, took a supply of hand grenades and crawled down an exposed road toward the Japanese tanks. He had almost reached his objective when he was struck three times by machine-gun bullets. Though mortally wounded he kept on and hurled his grenades.

A short time later an American major and an unidentified driver operating a mounted 75-millimeter cannon drove off the first few Japanese tanks and then charged down the road with its gun blazing. The leading Japanese tank was smashed by a direct hit, and the attack was halted. The major was killed but the driver somehow escaped.

Filipino scouts, inspired by the action of the American officers, rode in among the Japanese tanks flinging gasoline-filled bottles at them and completed the job of breaking up the attack, thus letting the main body of cavalry make an orderly withdrawal.

Manilans wary of heeding order ending blackout

MANILA (AP) – Police cars picked their way through bomb-scarred streets last night with loudspeakers blaring: “Turn on your lights, the blackout is ended!”

But after 20 lightless nights and two days of wanton destruction spilled on the undefended city by the Japanese, Manilans were reluctant to heed the order.

Here and there a light appeared in residential sections, but mast homes remained dark, as if the occupants felt the darkness would keep the raiders away.

“We do not trust the Japanese, they bomb Manila although it is an open city and they might come tonight,” was the frequent comment.

With the blackout ended in conformity with Gen. Douglas MacArthur’s declaration of Manila as an open city, the radio station resumed longwave broadcasting.

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Thomas of Utah sees Nipponese beaten by bombings of Tokio

Senator grew fluent in Japanese during 7 years in Mormon mission
By the Associated Press

Sen. Thomas, D-Utah, probably the only member of Congress who can speak and write Japanese, said today he was confident Japan “will be crushed” before the present war ends.

At the same time the scholarly Utah legislator, who spent seven years in Japan as a Mormon missionary, warned against underestimating the fighting power of the Far Eastern enemy.

Japan may score some additional early victories and some further new surprises, Sen. Thomas said in an interview, “but she can’t survive because she is surrounded by the bulkiest nations on earth – Russia, Canada, the United States, the commonwealth states and Netherland areas.”

Blames war on 3 groups

The senator, who lived with and taught the Japanese from 1907 to 1913, attributed the present bold attacks upon outposts of the United States and England to the “new rich class, the secret societies and the imperialists who got rich during the last war and got ideas.”

He said this combination of powerful groups “have a psychology much like Hitler and Mussolini that if you strike hard enough and fast enough you can have your way.”

Sen. Thomas said he was confident this country and her anti-Axis allies would be able to crush Japan eventually. He thought this would come when Allied bombers were in a position to pound Tokio and Nippon’s vital war industries and the lone main railroad line between Tokio and the port of Osaka.

“Japan is a good deal like France as a military force,” Sen. Thomas said. “Everything in France was centered in Paris so that when Paris fell, France was done.”

Headed Tokio mission

Sen. Thomas learned to read, converse and write in the difficult Japanese language as head of the Tokio mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints. His daughter, who now works in his office, has a Japanese name, Chiyo Thomas. She was born in Tokio.

After his missionary service, Sen. Thomas returned to this country as a university instructor and during the last war was a major in the Utah National Guard.

He was asked about the negotiations of Japanese diplomats here after military and naval leaders in Japan had decided to launch their surprise attack on Hawaii.

“I’m certain that the diplomats here were acting in good faith,” he said. “They knew what might happen at any moment but they hoped to prevent it.”

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Two U.S. freighters are sunk in Pacific; 9 dead, 33 missing

Axis sub torpedoes are credited with attack on night of Dec. 17

HONOLULU (AP) – Two American freighters were sunk in the Pacific by Axis submarine torpedoes the night of December 17 with a toll of nine dead and 33 missing.

The vessels were the 6,000-ton Manini of the Matson Navigation Co. and the 7,000-ton Prusa of the Lykes Brothers Line.

Two lifeboats, one containing 12 survivors of the Manini’s crew of 33 and the other 13 survivors of the Prusas crew of 34, were picked up Saturday after nine perilous days adrift in the small boats. The survivors were brought to Pearl Harbor.

Boatswain Orin Jewett of the Manini said yesterday he thought the other 21 crewmen of the Manini got away safely in another lifeboat, but they yet were unaccounted for.

Survivors of the Prusa said nine aboard their vessel were killed when the torpedo struck the crew’s sleeping quarters. They saw Capt. G. H. Boy and 11 others in a lifeboat immediately after the torpedoing, but had not seen them since.

Jewett, a native of Portland, Oregon, said lifeboats had been provisioned with fruit, fruit juices and sardines the day before his ship was attacked and they did not suffer from lack of food. Sea water kept them wet all the time, however. At night they suffered from cold and by day from sunburn.

On the fourth day, planes flew over and dropped food and water.

None of the survivors was seriously hurt.

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Dogs sound alarm in Boston club fire

BOSTON (AP) – A young woman performer attracted by her dogs’ scratching at a dressing room door rescued her year-old son from smoke-filled quarters before flames early today destroyed a Back Bay night club.

Mrs. Mary Hoffman, in the cast of a melodrama being staged when the blaze broke out in the Casa Manana, was the mother.

More than 200 patrons, showfolk and employees fled safely.

Damage was estimated at $60,000. Origin of the fire was undetermined.

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Give arms to Filipinos, party leader urges

MANILA, Dec. 28 (Delayed) (AP) – Pedro Abad Santos, Philippine Communist Party leader, urged the government today to mobilize the masses for national defense and give the people arms with which to fight the Japanese invaders.

[NormanStewart]

Gloria Vanderbilt becomes bride of immigrant’s son

Di Ciccos will visit Florida and Washington on wedding trip

SANTA BARBARA, California (AP) – A Vanderbilt married the son of an Italian immigrant in the 165-year-old Santa Barbara Mission yesterday and movie stars and socialites were among the wedding guests.

Today the 17-year-old former Gloria Laura Morgan Vanderbilt – granddaughter of the Cornelius Vanderbilt who founded one of the premier family fortunes in America – was honeymooning with 32-year-old Pasquale (Pat) Di Cicco.

They will go to Palm Beach, Florida, and Washington, they said, and then will settle down in Beverly Hills, where Mr. Di Cicco is a film actors’ agent.

Mr. Di Cicco’s father, arriving from Italy 55 years ago, prospered as a Long Island truck gardener. Pat went to Hollywood and, in 1932, married Thelma Todd. She divorced him in 1934. More than a year later she was found dead in her automobile in a garage.

Will inherit $4,000,000

The new Mrs. Di Cicco will inherit $4,000,000 – a trust fund from her grandfather – when she becomes 21. Meanwhile she has an allowance of $750 a month.

The Roman Catholic ceremony was at high noon. Bruce Cabot was best man and Errol Flynn was an usher. The maid of honor and four bridesmaids were debutante friends of Gloria.

The bride wore a gown of white slipper satin in the style of 1890, with a bustle and a 24-foot bridal veil train and shoulder-length white gloves.

She was given in marriage by her mother, Mrs. Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt. Mrs. Vanderbilt wore the pale gray taffeta wedding gown in which she was married in 1923, also at the age of 17, to Reginald Vanderbilt.

Drive 100 miles to reception

After the wedding the party drove 100 miles to a reception at the Beverly Hills home of Lady Thelma Furness, twin sister of Mrs. Vanderbilt.

Reared in an atmosphere of elite society, Gloria at 9 became the center of long, bitter litigation, where her custody was sought by her mother and her father’s sister, Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney, noted sculptress. The latter claimed the child was living in an unhealthy environment of wild parties in Mrs. Vanderbilt’s home.

The case resulted in Gloria being made the ward of the court. She was turned over to Mrs. Whitney for five days of the week and to her mother for the other two.

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Sailors’ Union head asks guns for all freighters

SAN FRANCISCO (AP) – Harry Lundeberg, head of the Sailors’ Union of the Pacific, gave assurance yesterday that members of his AFL union would not shun service on ships because of the war, but said they wanted guns to protect them.

“We have been manning the ships and will continue to do so,” Mr. Lundeberg told interviewers. “All we ask for our membership is the protection of an armed vessel.

“The question of bonuses and insurance will come later. Right now, we, as Americans, and members of the union that sails American vessels, are interested in the country.”

The Sailors’ Union, Mr. Lundeberg said, had voted full support of the government’s policies and principles, but wanted the assurance that when the men sailed they would “at least have a chance at the enemy with a gun.”

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Heroes of war:
Mayor is killed firing into tank

MANILA (AP) – The heroic last stand of Mayor Suller of San Manuel, Pangasinan Province, who climbed atop a Japanese tank and emptied his revolver through a porthole before he was riddled with bullets, was told yesterday by Gov. Santiago Estrada.

Three days ago, a heavily armed Japanese patrol, supported by tanks, reached San Manuel in the Japanese push from the Lingayen coast north of Manila.

Civilians began firing and Suller managed to climb aboard one tank. He fired all the shots in his revolver through the porthole before the Japanese struck him down, the governor said.

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Morgenthau denies plan to confiscate savings

MONTPELIER, Vermont (AP) – Gov. William H. Wills and the Vermont Advisory Banking Board have emphatic assurance that the federal government “does not have under consideration any proposal involving confiscation of savings deposits in this country for any purpose.”

The declaration came yesterday in a telegram from Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau in reply to a query from the governor and the board. They had told the Treasury head of hearing reports that the government contemplated such action as possibly an “exchange of deposits for Defense bonds on a mandatory basis to finance defense efforts.”

Mr. Morgenthau declared: “Anyone circulating rumors of this character is acting against the interest of the government and the people of the country.”

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War prisoner bureau to be set up by Japs

TOKIO (Official Broadcast) (AP) – A bureau to be entrusted with supervision and treatment of war prisoners and with informing nations as well as families involved in the captures will be set up by the Japanese government today under the direct jurisdiction of Premier Gen. Hideki Tojo in his capacity as War Minister.

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Editorial: Anglo-American Unity

In concluding his memorable address to the Congress of the United States, Winston Churchill gave expression to an eloquent appeal for Anglo-American unity both now and in the future.

The Prime Minister based his appeal upon two main contentions, neither of which is open to dispute. First, he said, the calamity of another world war has been visited upon the English-speaking peoples because they failed during the past quarter century to unite in the common effort which could easily have prevented the conflict. The opportunity for peace was forfeited. As Mr. Churchill put it: “The chance has passed. It is gone.” But the future remains to be dealt with. Out of the unity of military action which will be forged in the common war effort, Mr. Churchill contended, there must come some feasible arrangement for joint maintenance of peace after the victory is won.

“It is not given to us to peer into the mysteries of the future,” he said. “Still I avow my hope and faith, sure and inviolate, that in the days to come the British and American people will for their own safety and for the good of all walk together in majesty, in justice and in peace.”

There is significance, however, in the fact that Mr. Churchill, while using specific language to discuss the mistakes of the past and the necessity for complete unity of action in prosecuting the war, saw fit to outline his program for the future only in the broadest terms. It should not be supposed that this vagueness with regard to the second proposition implies any belief on Mr. Churchill’s part that it is of minor importance, that it is one of those pleasing generalities which can be raised now for good-will purposes only to be conveniently shelved after the war is over. Quite the contrary is the case. But it does suggest, nevertheless, that the Prime Minister believes in dealing with first things first, that in his judgment our immediate task is the winning of the war and that the maintenance of the united effort essential to that end should not be put in jeopardy by the introduction at this time of any specific plan for a post-war political union of the United States and Great Britain.

This, certainly, is the opinion entertained by many Americans whose breadth of vision has been abundantly demonstrated in the past. One of these, Sen. George of Georgia, who favored the League of Nations after the last war and who gave active support to the President’s foreign policies during his service as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, has expressed this sentiment in a few words. It is well, he said, that consideration be given to what should be done at the end of the war. But, he added, “our great objective today is to win the war and to bend every energy we have to that end. There should be no confusion of thought which would interfere in any way with that.”

When wishful thinking is put aside, it can hardly be doubted that any specific plan for outright political union between Great Britain and the United States would be productive of lengthy debate and extended controversy. It would provide the Axis propagandists with a convenient weapon for weakening the joint war effort by playing upon all of the old animosities, suspicions and jealousies. Clearly, it would seem, political union is a problem for the future – a future in which the mistakes of the past will neither be forgotten nor repeated.

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Editorial: The Walled City

It is the ancient Spanish quarter of Manila that the Japanese raiders are making their particular target. But the old Walled City has no military significance. Fort Santiago, facing the Pasig River, is a monument rather than a work of any real defensive consequence. It was a stronghold of the Malay rajahs before Captain Juan de Salcedo arrived in 1570. His grandfather, Governor General Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, was the actual founder of the capital. To him were credited the most beautiful examples of medieval architecture to be seen in the Philippines.

The walls constructed by Gomez Perez Dasmarinas in the last years of the 16th century were meant to endure. Between two and three miles in circumference and from twenty to thirty feet wide and high, they rose originally from a moat which now is a sunken garden. Public administration buildings were grouped around a little plaza named for William McKinley. The Ayuntamiento was the City Hall, then the provisional headquarters of the insular government. Nearby, in the Calle Postigo, stood the University of Santo Tomas, alleged to be the oldest institution of higher learning under the American flag, dating back to 1611. The Dominican Church, a beautiful Gothic structure completed in 1870, and the modern Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, reminiscent of St. Mark’s in Venice, were holy places which merited the tolerance if not the protection of the invaders – in vain.

Other institutions of the Intramuros neighborhood included: The Intendencia or treasury, the Church of San Ignacio of Renaissance design, the Augustinian Church with wall paintings of the Japanese Christian martyrs and the tombs of Legaspi and Salcedo, the Ateneo de Manila, a thriving Jesuit college; the Audiencia, high court of justice; the College of Santa Isabel, founded in 1594; St. Paul’s Hospital, the Philippine Library, containing historic manuscripts and rare printed volumes; the Franciscan Church, the Hospital of San Juan de Dios, the Recolctos Church, the Bureau of Education, the Aquarium, a number of art galleries, museums of science, fine private homes.

How much of the Walled City already has been destroyed is unreported. Japanese bombs fell yesterday to spread a conflagration which was started on Saturday. Among the buildings known to have been burned are the College of San Juan Letran and the offices of the Manila Daily Herald. The barbarians responsible for the destruction must not complain if similar damage is inflicted upon the residential centers of their own country.

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Editorial: Vital Singapore

The poignant tragedy of burning Manila and the Philippines should not distract our attention from the Japanese threat to Malaya with its stronghold of Singapore. Every student of the Far East rates Singapore as the keystone of the entire Allied defensive arch in the Orient. If Singapore is lost, the whole strategic situation would be transformed overnight. The Dutch Indies would be in deadly peril and Japan could menace simultaneously both Australia and India.

The threat to Singapore is not remote. It becomes imminent when, in three weeks, Japanese troops have forced their way fully half the distance between the Thailand border and the outworks of Singapore itself. The Japanese appear to have local command of the air as well as a preponderance of ground forces that has driven the British lines back almost 150 miles through difficult country which was supposed to have been an effective barrier to enemy progress. Also, latest dispatches indicate effective fifth column work. Stories are coming out of Japanese, long resident in the jungles, who have bribed the aborigines to show the invaders secret trails.

Severe criticisms of the Malayan high command have been voiced in authoritative British quarters. Sir Charles Vyner Brooke, white Rajah of Sarawak, caught away from home in Australia when the Japanese mastered his principality in North Borneo, declares that the reverses in Malaya are due to “gross incompetence and almost criminal negligence.” He brands the Singapore authorities as “brass hats, lah-de-dah, old-school-tie incompetents who should be sacked immediately.” This has been done with the replacement of Sir Robert Brooke Popham by Gen. Sir Henry Pownall, a younger man with a brilliant record. Let us hope it has been done in time.

One thing seems certain – the easy optimism of those who considered the war with Japan a sideshow which could be “contained” until Hitler was beaten has been pretty well exploded. It is vital that Singapore be held and the Japanese kept out of the Dutch Indies with their limitless wealth in oil, rubber and other natural resources which would enable them to wage war for years. At such an hour, risks must be taken.

This does not mean that America should be panicked into concentrating exclusively against Japan. Every intelligent observer realizes that the defense of Britain and aid to our other associates in the common struggle against the Axis are vital considerations. But it is also essential to prevent Japan from mastering the Far East. We cannot afford to blink the fact that the loss of Singapore would be a disaster of the first magnitude – a disaster which certainly would have the effect of prolonging the war for many years.

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Lawrence: Churchill’s talk Wilson echo

President’s fateful warning in 1923 recalled
By David Lawrence

If only the Navy had had a half hour’s warning at Pearl Harbor is the cry of Secretary Knox.

If only Britain and America as late as five years ago had begun to work together to enforce peace – that’s the comment of Prime Minister Churchill.

But there’s one man who on Armistice Day – November 11, 1923 – in his farewell speech to the American people issued a warning, which if heeded might have prevented the second World War. The birthday anniversary of that man – the wartime President of the United States – was yesterday. No official observance of the day was noted and though a Democratic administration is in power and though it has become the custom to honor nationally the memory of great Presidents, no such homage has been paid Woodrow Wilson. Is he being forgotten so soon by the American people?

The man may be forgotten but from the pages of history will never be erased the indelible words which he uttered in what proved to be his final speech. It came over the radio from his home and lasted but a few minutes. In it he was evidently referring to the action of the isolationists in the United States Senate who had forced the defeat of American participation in the League of Nations, and at one time he used the word “cowardly,” which did not appear in the printed copies of his speech the next day.

But in the books that subsequently appeared, the full text was presented and it is worth reproducing now because it predicts the reason for the second World War in phrases that his countrymen chose to ignore.

Wilson is quoted

He said: “The anniversary of Armistice Day should stir us to great exaltation of spirit because of the proud recollection that it was our day, a day above those early days of that never-to-be-forgotten November which lifted the world to the high levels of vision and achievement upon which the Great War for democracy and right was fought and won; although the stimulating memories of that happy time of triumph are forever marred and embittered for us by the shameful fact that when the victory was won – won, be it remembered – chiefly by the indomitable spirit and ungrudging sacrifices of our own incomparable soldiers – we turned our backs upon our associates and refused to bear any responsible part in the administration of peace, or the firm and permanent establishment of the results of the war – won at so terrible a cost of life and treasure – and withdrew into a sullen and selfish isolation which is deeply ignoble because manifestly cowardly and dishonorable.

“This must always be a source of deep mortification to us and we shall inevitably be forced by the moral obligation of freedom and honor to retrieve that fatal error and assume once more the role of courage, self-respect and helpfulness which every true American must wish to regard as our natural part in the affairs of the world.

“That we should have thus done a great wrong to civilization at one of the most critical turning points in the history of the world is the more to be deplored because every anxious year that has followed has made the exceeding need for such services as we might have rendered more and more evident and more and more pressing, as demoralizing circumstances which we might have controlled have gone from bad to worse.

“And now, as if to furnish a sort of sinister climax, France and Italy between them have made waste paper of the treaty of Versailles and the whole field of international relationship is in perilous confusion. The affairs of the world can be set straight only by the firmest exhibition of the will to lead and make the right prevail.”

Echo from Churchill

But there was a fateful echo of that speech last week. Prime Minister Churchill was saying to an applauding Congress:

“If we had stuck together after the last war, if we had took common measures for our safety, this renewal of the curse need never have fallen upon us. Do we not owe it to ourselves, to our children, to tormented mankind to make sure that, these catastrophies do not engulf us for the third time? … Five or six years ago, it would have been easy, without shedding a drop of blood, for the United States and Great Britain to have insisted on the fulfilment of the disarmament clause of the treaties which Germany signed after the Great War… The chance has departed; it is gone. Prodigious hammer strokes have been needed to bring us together today.”

Who was to blame? The same forces of isolation which fought Woodrow Wilson and rendered null and void the plan of world organization which he and others hoped to see established with American might behind it as a means of keeping peace.

These same influences for 20 years have kept America from being prepared and that’s the true meaning of the plight of American troops in the Philippines and the fact that we do not have an adequate-sized Navy or air force today.

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On the Record…
U.S. intervention in St. Pierre and Miquelon

By Dorothy Thompson

Over the Christmas holidays an anti-Fascist revolution occurred in the little French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon – a decent democratic revolution without violence.

Vice Adm. Emile Muselier of the Free French fleet landed on the islands and called for a plebiscite among the fisherman who have lived since June 1940 under the Vichy dictatorship. By an overwhelming majority they decided they didn’t like this dictatorship and wished to join democratic France, as represented in the leadership of Gen. De Gaulle.

This is the most important thing about the incident: It was a revolt against Fascism by people.

They revolted for our side. Vice Adm. Muselier and Gen. De Gaulle are fighting our war, on the high seas, in Libya, and have offered us bases in French Equatorial Africa. They have received assistance from the United States. They have granted us their bases in the Southern Pacific, which may soon be the only route by which we can reach Malaya and the Indian Ocean.

They are our allies in the war against Japan, who was given the first leg-up for the attack on us by the Vichy government, who allowed the Japanese to land in French Indo-China.

Now, Gen. De Gaulle and Vice Adm. Muselier are Frenchmen. Unless guilty of treason to France they had a perfect right to land on French territory. The people of France have no means of deciding about them, for they have been deprived of any vote in Vichy France, and elsewhere France is occupied by Nazis.

Vice Adm. Muselier restored the suffrage to the people of St. Pierre and Miquelon and it turned out that they want to join us in war against the Axis.

Gesture is important

St. Pierre and Miquelon are very small, but the symbolic importance of the gesture is not small at all. It is the first time since the fall of France that Frenchmen on their own soil have been able to behave as free men and exercise a right of choice about a government and policy. Just this right to the four freedoms is what this war is supposed to be about, according to the President of the United States and Mr. Winston Churchill.

Point 3 of the Atlantic charter demands “the right of all peoples to choose the government under which they will live.”

This incident, flashed across the world, was something to have cheered up the anti-Fascist masses of the people all over the earth.

But what did happen? Something rather terrible happened.

The State Department intervened, and, God help us, intervened against our allies and against the anti-Fascists.

This little revolution interfered with negotiations they were having with Gen. Robert, the Vichy governor of Martinique, and with larger negotiations with Petain. So we gave notice to the world that anti-Fascist revolutions must be suppressed.

That is the way the people everywhere will interpret what we did, and the repercussions of freedom-loving, anti-Quisling people in every single occupied country will be awful. And every speech made about the four freedoms will have an absolutely hollow ring, for there stand St. Pierre and Miquelon and the stern command of Washington telling them to go back to Vichy and Fascism.

Cited as way to lose war

Now, to cap everything, Washington is trying to protect the St. Pierre-Miquelon radio against possible inimical use by Vichy, by American and Canadian supervision, while it makes French people subject to Vichy.

This is a pattern of a way to lose this war. Certain striped pants in the State Department have been a calamity to the United States for a long time.

They have been wrong with an almost perfect record. They were wrong about Spain, Italy, Russia and Japan, and made their own contribution to Pearl Harbor.

They live in a world where it is difficult to develop any larger political sense – a world of formal negotiations carried on with other members of that world, as far removed as the moon from the revolutionary forces that are determining the outcome of history.

From long careers in this now antiquated world, they delude themselves that they are makers of policy instead of hired men of the people. They are the American examples of the “old-school-tie” mentality.

And they can cost us the greater asset we have – the revolutionary spirit for freedom among the masses of the people of the world.

Petain’s status analyzed

They think by depriving the peoples of St. Pierre and Miquelon of the rights of free men they are preventing Petain from giving away the French fleet and bases in Africa. The only thing that prevent Petain from doing this are (1) that he is a French patriot, (2) the fear that we will win the war, and (3) a fear of the reaction of the people of France. So we tell the people of France symbolically that if they revolt against collaborationism, the influence of the American government will be used against them.

It is unfortunate that Gen. De Gaulle’s move was made without our knowledge. It should be remembered Gen. De Gaulle holds large parts of the French Empire. Are we going to demand they all be handed to Vichy? And is it wise to insult one’s certain friends and yield rather to gentlemanly blackmail? Above all, is it decent to undo the vote of people?

Unless we remember that we are fighting a peoples’ war, the words of the President and Mr. Churchill will be undone by these men, whose one little gesture, unless immediately repudiated, will have helped the forces of Fascism everywhere on earth.

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McLemore: Suggests U.S. stop waging ‘nice’ war

By Henry McLemore

JACKSONVILLE, Florida – Uncle Sam, let’s take the likes of Emily Post off the general staff.

Please, let’s forget the military counterparts of how to hold your fork, which spoon to use and when to use it, and who leads whom into the smoking room.

Mars, the God of War, is host to the world these days and he is no stickler for etiquette. You don’t make his “400” by standing when ladies enter the room, tipping your hat, removing gloves or displaying any of the other social graces.

Mars is a tough host. The nations he smiles upon are the bruiser nations, the uncouth nations, the rough, ill-bred nations who were too busy building cannon to bother about the amenities.

The idea for this column came to me through a picture that was published on the front page of the Jacksonville Journal. It must have been published in hundreds of other newspapers.

It was released by the Navy to nationwide picture services. It was taken in Pearl Harbor and it shows a group of American soldiers, standing at attention, during the burial of a Japanese lieutenant of aviation who was shot down during an attack on America’s Pacific fortress.

Uncle Sam, there is a fine and ridiculous example of the New World trying to hold on to Old World traditions that exist no more.

Bomb is Hitler’s calling card

Hasn’t Hitler been in operation long enough for us to have learned that when he dropped his first calling card in the form of a bomb, Adolf ended all national courtesy? How much longer are the decent nations on earth going to be decent to degenerates they have set out to exterminate?

It made my hackles rise to see American soldiers, comrades of the men who were stabbed in the hack by the Japanese on a Sunday morning, paying military tribute to a blood brother of the sneaking cowards who came over Diamond Head while their representatives were secure under the white flag of truce in Washington.

No one close or dear to me died in the attack on Pearl Harbor. If they had I do not believe I could have stomached that picture showing our armed forces standing at attention at the grave of a commander of Japanese who had made the despicable attack.

That sort of thing belongs to yesteryear, when soldiers fought like gentlemen. That belongs to the days before Hitler pulled the lanyards. Those days are dead as King Tut’s nephews. It’d be all right to remember them, all right to wish they still existed, but they don’t make any sense when men come to grips with life or death as first prize. There is no use coming second when you’re playing for keeps.

History may not matter

The anti-Axis nations have worried long enough about what history will say about them. They have fretted long enough as to their record in posterity. Sure, history will record that Hitler was a madman. Sure, history will say Mussolini was a knifer in the dark. Sure, history will say Hirohito and Tojo were cold-blooded murderers.

But what history says won’t matter if only descendants of Axis-governed people are on earth to read it. If the decent nations don’t win, it won’t matter what history says. The tough guys will have teachers there to skip over the unpleasant parts. They will probably have historians there to write the stuff so that centuries from now the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Holland and all the others will get an awful rough break.

That picture from Pearl Harbor really got me. The next thing you know we’ll be giving any enemy soldiers we capture corner bedrooms, hot and cold running water, a menu with a wide choice of viands and the free run of the library and playroom.

Uncle Sam, let’s get tough. Let’s start throwing a few low punches for a change, and meeting an elbow with an elbow. In short, let’s throw the rule book away and play catch-as-catch can.

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Marines may re-enlist with former rank

By the Associated Press

Marines who have been out of the service not more than four years may re-enlist in their former rank, the commandant, Maj. Gen. Thomas Holcomb, announced today. The offer is made to former Marines of both the Regular and Reserve branches.

In addition to non-commissioned line officers, men who held special warrants for mess, baker, fire control, field music, communication, aviation, quartermaster or pay master duties will be reappointed.

[NormanStewart]

Acrobatic flying skill helps ‘Buzz’ Wagner in dogfights

Johnstown pilot personifies daring of Army airmen
By Russell Brines, Wide World News

MANILA – Thumbnail portrait of one of America’s leading fighting pilots:*

Long hours of practice in acrobatic flying bore fruit recently when Lt. Boyd “Buzz” Wagner of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, found himself over the airfield established at Vigan by the invading Japanese.

With Lt. Russell M. Church as “wingman,” Lt. Wagner had gone out on a reconnaissance mission. Fliers often hunt in pairs. They give each other protection. A wingman flies just off the wing of his leader.

Suddenly Lt. Church’s ship was struck by anti-aircraft fire. Evidently he knew the end had come.

Forcing his burning plane into a half-mile dive, he released his bombs. He made no effort to bail out. His plane crashed.

Lt. Wagner already had made one bombing dive over two dozen Japanese planes, parked on the field. He saw that Lt. Church had been hit.

Where aerobatics helped

Disregarding the fact that his chances of emerging alive from solo attack were slim, Lt. Wagner came back, his guns swept the parked enemy ships with bullets. Five times he flew over his target.

During one of his zooms an enemy plane took off. Lt. Wagner couldn’t see it. His own wing obscured his view of that part of the field. To get a better look at the airport, he rolled his ship over on its back. That was where his long hours of acrobatic practice in the air came in.

Then he saw the Japanese plane. He righted his ship. He throttled back, letting his enemy gain a little headway. When he finally opened fire, his guns tore a wing off the enemy ship.

It was typical of Lt. Wagner, who is expected to receive the Distinguished Service Cross for his exploits in the battle of the Philippines, to prepare for air combat the hard way – by meeting every emergency he could think of in mock combat ahead of the outbreak of war.

Attacks five enemy planes

In the last few days, he has shot his way out of an attack of five enemy planes. He has attacked as many planes lone-handed, shooting down two, and returned unscathed. In the attack on Vigan Lt. Church and Lt. Wagner scored hit after hit on the Japanese planes on the airport.

At least 10 were destroyed. A fuel depot was left in flames.

Lt. Wagner is not alone among the heroic air defenders of the Philippines. Others are fighting just as hard, just as bravely. But he personifies the spirit of the U.S. Army Air Forces.

He is an aeronautical engineer – and likes swing music. His quarters contains a stack of phonograph records. His first concern is for the men under his command. His reports are filled with praise for them. Mention of his own fights is brief.

Modest as schoolboy

Three years of engineering at the University of Pittsburgh took him to Randolph Field, Texas. He was graduated with a second lieutenant’s commission from adjacent Kelly Field in 1938. He had spent a year in the Philippines when the war began.

Standing before his superior after the Vigan affair, he was like an embarrassed schoolboy. He is only 25.

“Well,” he reported haltingly, “maybe I got a few of ‘em because I sort of bombed and machine gunned for quite a while. I don’t think I could miss all the time.”

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New Zealand names its first minister to United States

Walter Nash’s selection completes arrangement for exchange of envoys

Arrangements for establishment of direct diplomatic relations between the United States and New Zealand were complete today, with the appointment of ministers by both countries.

Designation of Walter Nash, deputy prime minister and minister of finance of New Zealand, as New Zealand’s first minister to Washington, was announced in Auckland with the approval of King George VI of Great Britain.

The nomination of David J. Winton, Minneapolis lumberman and a veteran of the first World War, as the first U.S. minister to New Zealand, was sent to the Senate by President Roosevelt last week.

An agreement for the exchange of ministers was reached several months ago. Direct relations with New Zealand are considered particularly important now. in view of the war in the Pacific. Other British dominions, including Australia, already have ministers here.

Nash seen ‘interpreter’ of Britain to America

WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) – Prime Minister Peter Fraser, stressing the United States’ importance in the Battle of the Pacific, suggested today that perhaps New Zealand could “interpret Britain to the United States better than Britain could interpret itself.”

Commenting on the appointment of Walter Nash, deputy prime minister and minister of finance, as his country’s first minister to Washington, Mr. Fraser said: “The imperative need of English-speaking peoples to completely pool their resources in order to ensure victory in the Pacific as well as in the Atlantic has never been greater.

“It never has been more necessary for the United States to have a complete understanding of the viewpoint of British Dominions in the Pacific. It might be that New Zealand, through its minister in Washington, can help interpret Britain to the United States better than Britain could interpret itself.”

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Restrictions on tires may reduce gasoline consumption by 35%

Expected to delay need for direct rationing of motor fuel
By the Associated Press

A 35 percent reduction in the nation’s 1942 civilian gasoline consumption was considered likely today by government petroleum experts because of new restrictions making it impossible for the ordinary motorist to obtain new tires or inner tubes for his car.

The effect of these regulations, these officials believed, would be to make motorists use their cars less to conserve their tires for necessary motoring and emergencies. Gasoline consumption accordingly would be sharply reduced.

The same quarters considered that the rubber conservation program might delay the need of direct consumer rationing of motor fuel, in event the war effort ties up the extensive transportation facilities used to distribute some 27,200,000,000 gallons of gasoline annually throughout the country.

Rationing system prepared

At the direction of Secretary of the Interior Ickes, the petroleum coordinator, a consumer gasoline rationing system has been prepared for use if an emergency demands such action. Its details have not been revealed.

The petroleum coordination office has become particularly alert to the transportation of oil since the United States entered the war, in view of a possibility a substantial portion of the great fleet of oil tankers now supplying the coastal areas might be needed to fuel the forces fighting in the Pacific.

Petroleum supply in the United States, which possesses great resources of oil, is principally a matter of transportation.

Stocks above last year

On the transfer last summer of 80 to 100 tankers to the British, the petroleum coordinator ordered rationing of gasoline for service stations in the East.

These restrictions were lifted when the British reported their oil supply situation had been relieved and agreed to return some of the tankers.

As to the East Coast supply situation, the petroleum coordination office said stocks on December 20 amounted to 64,564,000 barrels (including crude oil, gasoline, light heating oil and heavy fuel oil), or 6,936,000 barrels above the same date last year.

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Mrs. Roosevelt visits week-old grandson

PHILADELPHIA (AP) – Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt paid a hurried visit to her week-old grandson here yesterday and reported the baby and its mother, Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr., were “doing just fine.”

Unannounced, Mrs. Roosevelt flew here from Washington early in the morning and spent about an hour with her daughter-in-law and grandson at Lying-In-Hospital, where the baby was born last Sunday.

No name has been announced yet for the boy, second son of Franklin D. Jr. and the former Ethel du Pont, but the child’s maternal grandmother, Mrs. Eugene du Pont, hinted last week he may be christened Eugene du Pont Roosevelt. The baby’s father is on duty with the U.S. Navy “somewhere in the Atlantic.”

The Roosevelts’ first son, Franklin D. III, is 3½ years old.

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Cronin training to toil at short if rookies fail

Bosox manager going through real grind to shed weight
By Bob Broeg, Associated Press sports writer

BOSTON (AP) – At 36, when a weary ball player’s legs usually seek a soft spot in a corner of the dugout, Joe Cronin is groaning through a daily exercise routine – “just in case.”

The stoutish manager of the Boston Red Sox declared at the recent minor leagues; meeting at Jacksonville that he definitely would be a bench manager next season. But he’s done a powerful job of hedging since.

That’s why today – and tomorrow and every day – you’ll find a handsome, chisel-chinned fellow, bundled in a heavy sweat suit and rubber blouse, enduring a heart-breaking and body-punishing training grind at Boston’s University Club.

“Just in case,” he panted as he pedaled furiously on a stationary bicycle that went nowhere fast. “Just in case Johnny Pesky (from Louisville) and Eddie Pellagrini (from San Diego) don’t live up to expectations at shortstop.

“I’d wager one or the other of my kid shortstops will make the grade, but I can’t be sure of it.

“Or, just in case, he added, “both Pesky and Pellagrini should be in military service when March rolls around. I understand they’re both in deferred classifications, but that’s an uncertainty that must be considered.

Cronin intends to head for Florida New Year’s Day for some more conditioning and then wind up with a course of baths at Hot Springs, Virginia.

A lot of the railbirds thought he was through before last season opened. But in his 16th big league campaign, the former boy wonder, who managed a pennant-winner for Washington when he was 27, showed ‘em.

He didn’t prance afield as of yore, but in 143 games he boosted his 1940 batting average of .285 to .311 – and swung a mean stick with men on base.

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Babe Ruth sheds 20 pounds for Lou Gehrig film role

That nation geared for war needs sports-trained fighters is indicated at Pearl Harbor
By Hugh Fullerton Jr., Wide World sports writer

NEW YORK – There’s been a lot of talk about whether a nation geared for war will have any time for sports. Maybe this yarn will help settle the argument. A couple of weeks ago, Amby Gilligan, Whitehall (N.Y.) High School coach, heard how two of his former pupils, Francis (Hackett) Conlon and Gerald (Barney) Ross, who are in the Navy at Hawaii, had helped win their division baseball championship. Big news was that Ross had busted up the deciding game with a triple. After the Pearl Harbor bombing another letter came through from Ross. It said: “Well, the first battle is over and Hackett and I came out O.K. I was only scared for a second and then it was like some high school sport.” You can draw your own conclusions about what those kids learned on the playing fields of Whitehall.

Monday matinee – To settle any question about G-Man Atherton’s salary for next year, Oregon State will take care of the Pacific Coast Conference’s usual Rose Bowl cut, which provides for the commissioner’s salary and office expenses. Harold Lambert, Rice basketball guard, played in Madison Square Garden last year, but it was all new to him when he stepped on the floor against Fordham Saturday. He developed a form of sleeping sickness last summer and, although fully recovered, he can’t recall any of his experiences here. Babe Ruth has reduced 20 pounds so he’ll resemble his old self for the movie about Lou Gehrig’s life, which goes into production soon. Publicity for the Baer-Louis fight carries the slogan “Remember Pearl Harbor.” The fighters’ idea probably will be “remember Griffith Stadium.”

Today’s guest star John Mooney, Salt Lake Telegram: “Japan’s Premier Tojo, being something of a baseball follower as well as a military genius, will no doubt reach the opinion held by seven major league managers about the first of July, to wit, there ain’t nuthin’ you can do to stop them Yanks.”

Hot stove warmup – Although Don Barnes denies the story that the Browns asked for $100,000 from the American League, the Sporting News quotes a club official as saying the owners have poured in nearly a half million bucks in five years and feel that it’s time for the league to do something. Mike Kelly, owner of the Minneapolis American Association club, has been in that league ever since it was founded in 1902. The Reds’ statistical department has figured that just 10 base hits at the right times would have given Cincinnati the pennant instead of third place last season. John Drohan, Boston Traveler baseball writer who has just returned to the job after a three-month illness, discovered that what was troubling him was an upside-down stomach. Wonder if he got it from riding on that elevator with the Braves?

Hoop-la – The guys who are celebrating the 50th anniversary of the invention of basketball will be embarrassed to learn from the Carnegie Institute that archeologists excavating the Mayan City of Copan, Honduras, have uncovered a court “where a game similar to basketball was played a thousand years ago.”

Swing it, Jack – When someone suggested to Manager Jack Hurley that Lem Franklin ought to have a “tune-up” fight before meeting Bob Pastor, Hurley said: “Might be all right, but there’s only one opponent I’d consider for it – Joseph Barrow Louis.”

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‘Fighter of year’ vote given Louis fourth time in 6 years

Conn, Franklin, Pastor are rated above Baer; champs crowded out

NEW YORK (AP) – Joe Louis, who defends his heavyweight title for the twenty-first time a week from Friday night, is the “fighter of the year,” an honor that has been awarded him four times during the past six years.

Louis won by a 5-to-2 margin in the balloting of 202 fight writers from all parts of the world by Ring Magazine.

The same experts placed Buddy Baer, Louis’ ponderous opponent in the Naval Relief Society benefit in Madison Square Garden on January 9, as the fourth best contender in the heavyweight class.

Billy Conn of Pittsburgh, Lem Franklin of Cleveland and Bob Pastor of Saratoga Springs, New York, all were ranked ahead of the younger Baer.

The voters rated the fighters in all the various divisions, placing only Louis and Chalky Wright, featherweight boss, in the championship class.

Four other titleholders – Light Heavyweight Gus Lesnevich, Middleweight Tony Zale, Welterweight Fred Cochrane and Flyweight Jackie Paterson of Scotland – were put at the top of their classes, but alongside several challengers.

In the lightweight and bantamweight divisions the champions didn’t even get that much consideration. Sammy Angott of Washington, Pa., newly crowned undisputed holder of the lightweight championship, was placed behind Bob Montgomery of Philadelphia, while two leather pushers, Kui Kong Young of Hawaii and Manuel Ortiz of Los Angeles, were graded better than Lou Salica.

Louis, close to peak form, cuts training

GREENWOOD LAKE. New York (AP) – Champion Joe Louis is so near his peak form for the Naval Relief Society bout with Buddy Baer in Madison Square Garden January 9 he is laying off boxing both today and Thursday.

Louis weighed 209 pounds after yesterday’s drill.

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Compulsory swimming urged for schools by top coach

FORT LAUDERDALE, Florida (AP) – Pudgy Matt Mann, renowned Michigan swimming coach, believes that Japan’s swimmers “have gotten better and better, while the United States as a nation is going downhill physically.”

“I sincerely believe we ought to have compulsory swimming courses in the grade schools, which, of course, would necessitate some expansion of pool facilities,” declared the graying Wolverine mentor.

“Why, when I was a boy in England 50 years ago, they made me learn to swim as part of my school course. It’s simply unbelievable that we still haven’t adopted that system.”

Mann said Japan had concentrated on developing swimmers “because they found that small men could compete on even terms in aquatic sports.”

Director John B. Kelly of the government’s “Hale America” physical fitness program estimated that where only about 10 percent of U.S. selectees could qualify as proficient swimmers, the percentage in the Japanese Army would run “probably about 75 percent.”

[NormanStewart]

Stocks end uneven in fastest session since May 1940

Transfers aggregate 2,925,455 shares and some favorites rally
By Victor Eubank, Associated Press financial writer

NEW YORK (AP) – In the speediest session for more than 18 months, the stock market today moved over a notably uneven route, with gains a shade in the majority at the close.

Steels, rails and an assortment of “blue chips” enjoyed year-end recoveries of fractions to 2 points or so, while rubbers, oils, tobaccos and motors finished with losses of as much.

Heavy tax selling was fairly well absorbed but it was sufficient to put brakes on many issues and offset to a certain extent replacement demand which in many instances was more or less urgent.

The ticker tape hummed from the start and near the last fell behind actual transactions on the floor. Transfers aggregated 2,925,455 shares, best turnover since May 1940.

Prominent shares in the front ranks included American Telephone, Southern Railway, Santa Fe, Bethlehem Steel Western Union, Kennecott J. I. Case, United Aircraft, Allied Chemical and Du Pont.

At low marks for the past year or longer were United States Rubber common and preferred, Goodrich and American Can. On the offside most of the time were Standard Oil (New Jersey), Texas Co., General Motors, Sears Roebuck and the “B’” stocks of American Tobacco, Reynolds and Liggett Myers.

U.S. government issues advanced decisively and rail loans rose as much as 2 points in a lively bond market.

Federal bonds gained as much as 2 points toward the end of the session.

Corporates higher included Missouri Pacific 5s of ‘77 “F,” New York Central 5s, Frisco 4½s of ’78, Baltimore & Ohio stamped convertibles, Delaware & Hudson refunding 4s and Goodrick 4½s.

In the minus column were American Telephone 3s and 3¼s of ‘66, Commercial Mackay Incomes of ‘69 with warrants and Western Union 5s.

Australia 5s of ‘55 dropped around 4 points and the 4½s about 1. Denmark 4½s also declined.

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Gay New Year Eve is planned despite war

Capital will join in National Day of Prayer Thursday

A spirit of gayety, real or masked, is expected to usher out the fateful year of 1941 here Wednesday night before this war capital of the world prepares for the grim tasks of the coming year by joining in the National Day of Prayer Thursday.

Night clubs, hotels and theaters have prepared for overflow crowds. Many churches will hold traditional night watch services.

The strict rationing of the war has not yet cut into the field of the paper horn and other assorted noisemakers, and night spots have laid in a large stock. By next New Year the rationing may make things considerably quieter.

The night’s entertainment will cost the celebrant about whatever he wants to make it. As usual, hundreds will spend no more than the price of a few gallons of gasoline, riding about the city and backfiring their motors.

Midnight shows scheduled

Many theaters have arranged the customary midnight show. It’s in the clubs that the singing of “Auld Lang Syne” will cost folding money.

Prices range from $8.50, with midnight supper, to $1.50 per person minimum at the less expensive places. Others have no minimum charge. Heavy federal amusement taxes will be a constant reminder, however, that the country is at war.

The Capital Transit Co. has arranged its usual late bus and streetcar services.

Although in general workers will enjoy a holiday Thursday, the press of government affairs is expected to keep many federal employees at their desks. Especially is this the case at departments and agencies directly concerned with defense. The Navy Yard and the smaller industries engaged in production of defense material here will respond to the plea of officials to keep their wheels turning throughout the day.

Program of prayer suggested

In connection with President Roosevelt’s call for a day of prayer, the Washington Federation of Churches has suggested a program of prayer for churches and individuals.

Holy communion was suggested for churches which hold night watch services. On New Year’s Day the federation urged that other churches follow the example of the Episcopal and Lutheran churches in holding morning services between 10 a.m. and noon. At 5 p.m. Angelus bells will be rung at churches throughout the city and over the radio as a silent prayer wherever one happens to be.

Family gatherings were urged to say special prayers at the breakfast table and that in the evening there be a discussion about the kind of world that should be built after the war.

Subjects of prayer suggested for consideration included prayer in silence for guidance and power; for the President, the civil authorities and the leaders of the armed forces; for the “soul of the nation that there may be vision, courage and endurance”; for our men in training and on the combat fronts; for the wounded; for the near of kin to those who have given their lives, and for ourselves “that we fail not.”

Suggested Scripture readings are Isaiah 10:1-31, Matthew 18:20 and Mark 11:24.

The federation gave this prayer from a litany: “O Lord, by Thy Spirit, move in our very beings, that we may see Thee in everything that is, that we may hear Thy voice speaking more clearly than all voices and feel Thy presence in every movement and experience.”

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Red Cross to aid families of service casualties

Families of servicemen killed, wounded or missing in the defense of the nation’s Pacific island outposts are to be given every needed assistance by the American Red Cross.

Chairman Norman H. Davis yesterday directed the 3,740 local Red Cross chapters, which cover every county in the United States, to “get in touch immediately with the families of all United States soldiers, sailors and marines killed fighting so valiantly for their country in defense of Hawaii, the Philippines, Wake, Guam and other outposts.”

At the same time Mr. Davis urged “wives, children and parents of men listed as killed, wounded or missing to go to their Red Cross chapter at once for aid in meeting the needs arising from the war.”

Such assistance is a legal and moral responsibility of the Red Cross, Mr. Davis pointed out, and families “should not hesitate a moment to take advantage of Red Cross services and resources.”

The local chapter hopes to raise $750,000 as its contribution to the national war fund of $50,000,000.

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Girl who defiled U.S. flag must serve prison term

TRENTON, New Jersey (AP) – The New Jersey Supreme Court affirmed today the conviction of Helga Schlueter, 20, German-born alien of Lakewood, on a charge of defiling the American flag.

Miss Schlueter, now in custody of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, was sentenced to one to two years in a women’s reformatory after her conviction by an Ocean County jury. She was free on bail when the FBI took her into custody shortly after the outbreak of the war.

She was charged with tearing up and throwing to the ground, while a firemen’s parade was in progress on June 29, 1940, in Lakewood, a small American flag that was attached to her motorcycle.

[NormanStewart]

Hawaii’s civilians were heroes, too, Navy report says

Yard workmen and sailors ‘disregarded enemy’s fire,’ increasing the toll

New recruits at a Hawaiian naval station may have been “a trifle too reckless” in the December 7 Japanese attack on Oahu, a Navy report states, “and their disregard for danger undoubtedly increased the number of casualties.”

Describing acts of heroism while Japanese planes dived on the island, the commanding officer of the Kaneohe Bay Naval Air Station reported the recruits “without exception lived up to best traditions of the service.”

Continuing, his report mentioned the “reckless” attitude and said: “It was necessary to constantly urge the men to scatter and take cover because most of them were so intent on repulsing the attack that they were disregarding the enemy’s fire.”

Civilians also were praised for “extreme gallantry” in their disregard of personal danger, and “their attempts to help salvage aircraft and put out fires was commendable. They voluntarily under took to repair electrical lines and water mains and the utilities of the station were out of commission only a short while.”

Navy Yard workmen “stayed on the job” during the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the naval report said. It told of the workmen continuing rapidly and efficiently with their tasks under fire.

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Hollywood snatches titles from Page 1 headlines

Wake Island, Tobruk and Pearl Harbor, all to become screen subjects as soon as they are written
By Jay Carmody

Abreast-of-the-times department: Anyone who thinks Hollywood is being sluggish about keeping up with the headlines clearly does not know his pictures in the making.

Paramount, for instance, is busy already getting a script written which will carry the title “Wake Island,” a story based upon the defense of that spectacular spot by that famous handful of Marines.

Columbia, having lost the Pacific for the time being, is busy on “Salute to Tobruk,” which will translate that gallant North African episode into celluloid as soon as the story can be written and the proper cast assembled.

Republic, small but alert, is busy even as this is being written on “Wings Over Alaska,” which will deal with the plans made to defend that northern outpost.

“Remember Pearl Harbor,” perhaps the most dramatic title of the season, has been taken over by the same studio for a picture which is to be released as soon as it can be shot and put in the containers.

Diplomacy department: “Paris Calling,” Universal Studio picture, is the first to arouse a diplomatic protest since the war began. The Vichy government has entered its demurrer on the ground that the picture should not have made Pierre Laval its villain.

It has not, however, suggested a substitute.

Society department: Host Saturday afternoon to Leonard Hanks of Vienna, Va., was the drama department. Respectful was it while Leonard, 10, freckled and quite positive, told it that its review of “Dumbo” did not go far enough.

“It was an even better picture than you said,” he insisted. “You should have described some more of the things in it, like the sneeze, and things like that.”

Reproved, disconcerted, the drama department hid its embarrassment behind the question did Leonard want to be a drama and movie critic when he grew up.

“No,” he said quite positively, “I want to be a big league ball player or an engineer.”

We still think he would make a good critic if he would like to change his mind about his career.

Advice-to-dog-owners department: Jack Weatherwax, best-named fellow we’ve heard of in a long time, is Hollywood’s outstanding dog trainer. Unless, of course, some more outstanding one protests that rating.

Mr. Weatherwax, an iconoclast, would like to enter his demurrer at this point to the notion that broad-headed dogs are the more intelligent.

“Take the narrow-headed dogs if you want the smart ones,” he says.

This department’s dog is narrow-headed, which probably makes it think Mr. Weatherwax is a very smart fellow.

Return-to-the-native department: Walter Brennan, who surprises the wits out of you when you see him without make-up, looking as he does for all the world like a bank vice president, will finally appear as is in a movie.

The picture will be “Hidden Hunger,” which portrays a man’s quest for the better life through better eating.

Brennan will just be himself, no make-up, no character build-up.

It will be the first time he ever has appeared that way before the camera.

You’ll recognize the voice, however.

The girls-said-no-department: If “Ball of Fire” is the hit expected of it, a couple of girls who may rue it might be Claudette Colbert and Carole Lombard. Both were offered the leading role in the Goldwyn comedy. Both said no.

Barbara Stanwyck did not say no, and advance reports indicate that she has given one more of her better performances to help make the picture a success.

The Girl Who Came with the Man Who Came to Dinner

Bette Davis plays the harassed secretary of the Sheridan Whiteside (Monty Woolley) of the screen’s “The Man Who Came to Dinner.” The picture opens New Year’s Day at the Earle.

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Mr. Nathan stopped short on point about animals

Movies, much more than the theater, would be lost without actors who are less than human
By Harold Heffernan

HOLLYWOOD – It was the eminent George Jean Nathan who remarked the other day that the theater would be in a heck of a fix without animals. He had a long list of examples at his fingertips.

Imagine, he suggested, “Ben Hur,” “David Harum,” “The County Fair” – or Shakespeare, for that matter – without horses; “The Hummingbird” without a monkey, Siberia without wolves, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” without bloodhounds, vaudeville without trained seals – and so on and on.

For an even keener appreciation of the animal kingdom’s importance to the amusement world, we suggest that Mr. Nathan have a quick look about the film factories. Eight pictures out of 10 use animals or fowl in one way or another. And there are Hollywood heroes who owe much to four-footed pals – horses or dogs – who have come to be identified with them.

Bill (Hopalong Cassidy) Boyd, suddenly deprived of his horse in the midst of any given working day, probably would find himself stretched in midair. A dozen other Western stars would be in the same fix. Bing Crosby, on the other hand, would be making money faster than he could lose it.

We asked a man who ought to know, Cecil B. DeMille, who has been producing moving pictures since the dark days of “The Squaw Man,” what effect an anti-animal ruling would have on the screen.

“We might just as well close up shop,” said DeMille bluntly. “Animals in many instances are so important that they overshadow the human element.”

DeMille says he has used dogs and horses in practically all his pictures. He’s used mules and cattle in about a dozen. He had wolves and bear in “The Squaw Man,” a dinosaur in “Adam’s Rib,” oxen in “The Ten Commandments,” an asp in “Cleopatra,” zebras, elephants and lions in “The Sign of the Cross”; a leopard in “Male and Female,” a cobra, a tiger and a minah bird in “Four Frightened People”; a canary in “Madame Satan,” a herd of buffalo in “The Plainsman,” parrots in “The Buccaneer” and caribou in “North West Mounted Police.”

In “Reap the Wild Wind,” just coming out, DeMille sets an animal record, even for him. He has several dogs, horses, sheep, two goats, a monkey, an owl, a parakeet, a flock of flamingoes, some sea gulls, several hundred tropical fish, two shark, a manta ray and a mechanical giant squid with a tentacle spread of 60 feet.

Up and down all Hollywood lots it’s the same thing. Dorothy Lamour has stolen scenes from some of the best animals in the business, but they still keep trying. Then there’s the “Tarzan” series, in which all that Johnny Weissmuller is he owes to his stepmother, who is an ape. Since he began swinging from tree to tree for M-G-M, Weissmuller has been mingling with just about every important breed of animal that Frank Buck ever brought back alive.

The best of John’s “Tarzan” anecdotes, however, concerns a rhinoceros which Buck did not bring back from Africa. This ponderous beast was obtained from the London Zoo for a price. M-G-M thought the price was so high that it did not care to pay to bring the rhinoceros’ keeper over, too. It just imported the rhinoceros, and turned the care of it over to a property man.

A set representing an African lagoon was built down at Corona Del Mar, about 50 miles south of Hollywood. Here the rhinoceros was to be shown swimming to shore, so it was loaded on a barge and hauled out a short distance, then dumped overboard and expected to start swimming. Instead, the costly mastodon sank like a sack of meal, and was never heard from again. It seems that rhinos can’t live in salt water or something.

One mustn’t forget the great dog stars of yesterday – Strongheart and Rin Tin Tin. And how about Buck, the St. Bernard, in “The Call of the Wild”? Mr. Asta, of “The Thin Man,” also gets an occasional burst of box office glory, and every kid in the land used to know the funny-looking little bulldog that played in the “Our Gang” comedies. Then there was Tom Mix’s famous horse, Tony—and Bill Hart’s celebrated steed.

If anyone wants to investigate where the movies would be without animals, let him visit the Weatherwax boys, who train everything canine from Mexican hairless to Irish wolfhound; Goebbels’ lion farm and Gay’s lion farm, where the more ferocious types of beast are taught to run the gamut of the public’s emotions; Jack Boyle’s stables, which contain equine hams of all types, talents and rental prices; H. Winston’s trained seals, which once performed before crowned heads in Europe and probably two dozen other establishments catering solely to the screen’s demand for birds and beasts.

One also might talk to Charley Gamorra, a Paramount make-up man, who owns a $5,000 gorilla suit, and will double for a gorilla in any picture. “Gamorra the Great,” they call him. What has Ringling got that Hollywood can’t duplicate?

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Trapp family singers give delightful informal concert

Carols and re-enactment of Yule customs in Salzburg feature novel musical program
By Alice Eversman

Baroness Marie von Trapp, her daughters Johanna, Agatha, Maria, Martina and Hedwig, her two sons, Werner and Dr. Rupert, and Dr. Franz Wasner, conductor, entertained a large gathering of music lovers at an informal musical yesterday afternoon in Constitution Hall. It is thus that the Baroness von Trapp asked her audience to consider the concert which they gave in the DAR Hall inviting those present to reconstruct the picture of this gifted family’s musical evenings in their own home and share their program as guests of the Trapp Family Singers.

To heighten the illusion of a homelike atmosphere, a large decorated Christmas tree stood at the side of the stage and in the center were chairs and a table with the screens in the background giving the impression of the walls of a room. The Baroness spoke in an informal manner in explanation of the numbers, sometimes describing the customs of their country or a bit of biography of a composer. To many who heard the Trapp family for the first time, it was a novel experience in concert attending, but for others already acquainted with their desire to minimize the fact that they are artists doing professional work, it was the opportunity to renew an acquaintance already established by the cordial attitude of the singers at previous appearances here.

Carols climax program

The climax of their program was the final group of carols where the Yuletide customs of their home in Salzburg, Austria, were re-enacted. The Baroness’ story of how, before leaving for midnight mass in the village church, the head of each family stood at the foot of the stairs with a lighted candle singing the first verse of the Tyrolean carol, “Hirten, auf um Mitternacht,” to be joined by each member, also carrying a candle and continuing the song, was acted out by the artists on a darkened stage. Then placing their candles on the table, the singers sat around their leader singing other carols that finished with “Silent Night” and the tree blossoming into light.

As is the custom with the Don Cossack Male Chorus, the Trapps begin their programs with sacred songs. The purity of their voices and the musical understanding which they bring to this special type of music is enhanced by a deeply religious feeling and sincere faith. Although the nature of their singing is far from grandiose at any time, they reach a greater dimensional statue in numbers of this kind.

Some gay numbers sung

Not all of the selections on yesterday’s program were serious, for there was Hasler’s gay “Tanzen und Springen,” his amusing “Cuckoo” and a Swedish dance carol, always a part of the Swedish Christmas celebration and which the Trapps learned during a stay in Sweden. A group of numbers were played expertly on the recorders and the viola da gamba to an accompaniment on the virginal by Dr. Wasner.

One of the highlights of the program was the singing of the old Christmas carol, “From Heaven High I Came to Earth,” in different versions, verse 1 being in Adam Gumpeltzhaimer’s setting, verses 2 and 3 in Bach’s “Christmas Oratorio” and verse 4 in Johannes Crueger’s arrangement.

Many encores were given by the singers, with one bringing the entire family together as players of the old instruments. Baroness von Trapp, in one of her little talks, expressed the hope that family music-making such as theirs would become popular in this country. Judging from the applause following each offering of the Trapps, the idea appealed to the very considerable audience present. The concert was an extra event presented by the Cappel Concert Guild.

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Busy, busy lady

HOLLYWOOD (WWN) – Rosalind Russell is a maid of many trades right now. She’s a bride, in her new picture she plays the role of an advertising executive, she is taking a course as an ambulance driver and mechanic, and most recently, as a private in the Beverly Hills Women’s Emergency Corps, she has started a study of spy codes and decoding.

[NormanStewart]

U.S. State Department (December 29, 1941)

Roosevelt-Loudon meeting, 12 noon

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

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Hull-Litvinov meeting, 12:30 p.m.

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

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Stimson-Hopkins-Marshall meeting, 2:30 p.m.

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

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Meeting of United States production leaders with the British Minister of Supply, 2:30 p.m.

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

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Reading Eagle (December 29, 1941)

American harbors protected by newly perfected devices

WASHINGTON (UP) – Secret new harbor defenses, perfected in recent years by the U.S. Navy, make it virtually impossible for an enemy submarine to penetrate an American harbor undetected, naval sources said today.

By employing new methods of submarine detection, protective nets and minefields, it was believed a repetition of Scapa Flow, where a German submarine destroyed the aircraft carrier HMS Royal Oak as she lay at anchor in the big British naval base, would be extremely difficult.

Since World War I, methods have constantly been improved for detection of submarines, and as early as 1928, the British were said to have perfected a device for detecting submersibles even when they lay still on the bottom of the sea, their engines stopped.

There have been no details published regarding the attack by a submarine or submarines in Scapa Flow, but it was generally believed a submarine may have sneaked in with a British ship, taking advantage of the captain’s knowledge of minefields and a temporary “safety zone,” created in the electric minefields for the ship’s clearance.

One of the simplest methods of preventing such a recurrence was made public in an announcement by the Navy Hydrographic Office that ships entering the Strait of Juan de Fuca, between Victoria Island, British Columbia, Canada, and the State of Washington must, on signal, stop their engines.

The signal would be given by flashes of light from a shore point or from nearby naval vessels, and could not be seen by a submarine commander. When the ship’s engines stopped, he would be unable to stop his engines immediately and the presence of the submarine would be noted at once.

Even with the submarine’s engines not running, other detection devices could spot the underwater craft in little time and either mines or depth charges could be used to destroy it. It would be next to impossible for the submarine to escape once it had entered a mined passageway.

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The Pittsburgh Press (December 29, 1941)

Rambling Reporter

By Ernie Pyle

SAN FRANCISCO – My friends here in San Francisco, being mostly babes in the war woods, are eager to learn all the little niceties of proper conduct in case the air raids come.

And since I was exposed last winter to a few sashays of German bombers, people out here keep plying me with war-conduct questions, which gives me the opportunity that all men look forward to – that of posing as the fount of all knowledge.

Why, during this past week I’ve been asked war questions by the thousand. No matter what the question, I answer it. My replies are quick and confident, even to problems I never heard of before. This is done on the assumption that the Japs won’t come till after I get out of town, and then the local people will be too busy to remember what I told them.

But the kids on The San Francisco News have seriously written out a batch of questions for me, and I think I’ll spend a couple of days answering them in public. For even if Indianapolis and Denver never hear the crunch of a bomb, still people there might like to know. So here we go:

Q. Do skyscrapers or small structures seem to withstand bombings better?

A. I’d say skyscrapers, although of course London has no real skyscrapers, the building limit there being, if I remember, about 10 stories.

Q. Do you think the newer-type, so-called earthquake-proof buildings out here are safest of all?

A. Yes. In London it was the old brick buildings, with dry crumbly mortar, that went down so fast. The new steel and concrete buildings could take bombs up to 1000 pounds without great damage.

Q. What might a big bomb dropped in one of the local canyons of skyscrapers do to the surrounding buildings?

A. Blow out all windows for several blocks, probably cave in the fronts of some of the smaller buildings, and twist and shatter all furnishings within the nearby buildings. But I can’t conceive of even the biggest bomb completely knocking down one of San Francisco’s high office buildings.

Q. What good does sandbagging buildings do, and from London’s experience does it seem advisable here?

A. It mainly prevents shattering of glass, and in the case of old buildings might prevent the building’s collapse by absorbing the shock first. But London I believe has found its sandbagging relatively unimportant, and I don’t see much sense to it in San Francisco.

Q. Should I send my two children to their grandparents in Arizona for the duration?

A. No. I paid a lot of attention to children in England, and what I gathered was this: bombings don’t bother them much (unless they get hit, of course). Children are easily adaptable and can take their bombings pretty calmly, just as children ride on airplanes without fear when some older people can’t. It seems to me that the disruption of home life has done the English kids more harm than any direct nervousness from raids. I think that on the whole both parents and children prefer to take their bombings together.

Q. One point puzzling war novitiates is how opposing planes in night fights determine whether that fighter pouring in from the left is friend or foe?

A. The expert will now go hide his bald head, for he doesn’t know.

Q. If an incendiary bomb falls on the roof will you know it right away?

A. Yes, baby, you’ll know it instantly, for the damn thing will probably come right through and land on the sofa beside you. I’ve seen them go through a sheet of steel laid over a skylight.

Q. What if it’s a tile roof?

A. It might come through anyway, but if it’s a steeply slanting roof it will probably glance off into the street.

Q. Are plyboard frames for windows O.K. for blackout use, so long as the blackout is complete? Or will they shatter with concussion and add to the damage?

A. They’re O.K., at least they’re used quite a bit in England. They’ll shatter if the bomb is close, but so will anything else. You’d think heavy drapes would absorb the fine particles of shattered glass, but if the hit is close the drapes blow out and the glass chews them up.

Q. Can red be spotted from the air – auto stop lights, for instance?

A. Yes. In London the lenses of all traffic lights are painted black, with just a tiny cross left in the center for the red or green light to show through. Then over the light is a black steel hood. You can see these lights for blocks if you’re on the street, but from a fifth-story window, looking down, you can’t see a light of any kind.

Q. San Francisco has forbidden smoking on the streets during blackout. Is that necessary?

A. I don’t want to get into a quarrel with the Army. But everybody smokes on the street in England. You daren’t, however, LIGHT a cigarette on the street.

Q. Could you pick off an enemy pilot with a rifle that has a range of 5,000 feet?

A. Yes, if you were Annie Oakley and had your pockets full of horseshoes.

Q. My Pop wants to hide in the hydrangeas and take pot shots at Jap planes. I say he’s nuts.

A. Aw, let him go ahead and enjoy himself. He might bring down a seagull for dinner, you never can tell.

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Fair Enough

By Westbrook Pegler

NEW YORK – No people in this war has been degraded and humiliated as deeply as the Italians under Mussolini, whom Winston Churchill delights to taunt in a contemptuous, impersonal way as though he were already in a cage on public view as in practical effect he is.

The Italian Empire is demolished, the Italian people realize that they are the slaves of Adolf Hitler and their arms have not won as much as a skirmish, although a whole generation was trained to brag, threaten and kill. Before this war began, Mussolini often boasted that he now had 10 million bayonets in a population of 40 million, and this, of course, was silly bombast, but there is no doubt that he had more than half convinced the Italians that they were great killers who needed only a war to prove themselves.

It is not correct to say that they were entirely the victims of the Duce, for as a nation, they certainly were spoiling for a fight, preferably with barefoot savages eaten by disease and armed only with discarded weapons off the junk piles of the continental powers.

In a pre-season war in Spain the indomitable servants of the Duce’s will were licked and chased by an enemy whom he had despised as a contemptible rabble. In France his soldiers must have sickened as they stabbed a fallen neighbor in the back, and in the attack on Greece the irresistible hosts wheeled at the first impact, fled and would have been rounded up if the Nazis had not come to their rescue.

Greece had a total population smaller than Mussolini’s army if his own boast were true, but from the moment he kicked off he never got possession of the ball and his feet were planted in the end zone when Hitler intervened.

First blow comes in Africa

It was in Africa, however, that the Italians were totally disgraced. They had called the British cowards and, to get their minds off Guadalajara and other humiliations, had talked loudly of the British disaster in France.

Mussolini had boasted of his air force, of the suicidal desperadoes who would annihilate the British fleet with tornadoes and bombs and of the mechanized desert army, long trained and marvelously armed for this sort of war, yet the cowardly foe reacted in a most embarrassing way.

Small forces, ill armed and inexperienced by comparison with those whom the Duce had trained from childhood for this hour, smashed the Fascist legions while Hitler pounded the British at home and only the intervention of nimble Germans saved some shred of Italian pride.

Meanwhile, the Germans were filtering into Italy and taking over as they had done in other conquered countries, but with the now prideless acquiescence of the boss-man whose vanity had got the Italian people into this pathetic mess.

Proves dictatorship inefficiency

The Fascist government became even more submissive than the Vichy government of France which at least could hold out for certain bargaining points, whereas Mussolini could do no business with the foe except on terms of surrender.

Food and fuel ran short, those who complained were called defeatists and the martial spirit was so thoroughly subdued by an unvaried career of ignominious whippings at the hands of inferior forces than even in Serbia the Duce’s invincibles were cowed by guerrillas.

The British fleet and flyers sank the Duce’s navy or chased it off the sea, which he had proudly called his very own and now, again, a relatively small British force, armed with stuff spared from a scant total supply is chasing the proud indomitable and their German bosses with them.

Never has a nation talked so big and fought so badly, and it is no longer a jest to suggest that a military invasion of Italy would be in fact a rescue force or that it would be so regarded by the Italian people. If they has any doubts before they must be convinced now that they were taken to war on the wrong side.

Within themselves they know, as their enemies will concede, that they are better fighters when their heart is in a fight than they have shown themselves to be in this one. Given a chance to fight the sneering Nazis who rule them as captives and given a chance to wage out their humiliation they must fight better in a veritable war for liberation than they have fought for their own enslavement.

Mussolini has given the peoples of the free countries great encouragement in proving, after two decades of Fascism, that dictatorship is not necessarily efficient and that civilian people will not fight well merely for the joy of killing.

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Clapper: Baruch right

By Raymond Clapper

WASHINGTON – Both inside and outside of the administration demand is heard for recasting some one man may have controlling power.

When SPAB was set up, Bernard M. Baruch called it a faltering step forward. This offended some of his friends in the administration, but he refused to back down on it. That was last September. Four months later the slow progress and confusion indicate Mr. Baruch was right.

There isn’t anybody running the show. Mr. Roosevelt is too busy with many other urgent matters. William S. Knudsen is head of OPM. Under him in charge of priorities is Donald Nelson. But Mr. Nelson also is executive director of SPAB, which theoretically is a policy-making board over OPM and Mr. Knudsen. Thus Mr. Nelson is both over and under Mr. Knudsen. This is typical of the confused maze.

For a time it was hoped that someone would be able to grab the ball and run with it regardless of the confusion of authority and direction. Leon Henderson has done that time and again, with prices and restriction of civilian production. It isn’t laid down that way in the blueprints, but that’s the way to get things done in Washington, particularly in this administration. If somebody doesn’t step in and grab the ball, it doesn’t get carried.

Greater effort needed

We haven’t really started in war production. This coming year must see doubling and trebling of it. During 1941 we have put about one-fifth of our total resources into war production, according to the estimates of Stacy May, chief of statistics for OPM.

We can’t win a world-wide war with a 20 percent effort. This year we have spent 16 billion dollars on war production. Stacy May estimates that if we were doing proportionately what Germany and Britain are doing, we would have spent 45 billion dollars, almost three times as much as we did.

We shall have to do that eventually. The sooner we do it the sooner the war will end. Britain can’t increase her production much more. China can contribute little. Russia has done heroically, but she has lost heavily in material and in production facilities.

The weapons needed to win must come from here. We will never regain the Pacific until we have enough weapons to take control of the air and of the water.

Henderson raced ahead

The CIO estimates that two and a half million men are going to be thrown out of work because of shortages of materials and dislocations. That means not only lost manpower but lost facilities unless war orders are placed quickly in those shutdown plants.

Leon Henderson has been aggressive in anticipating the materials that would be needed for war production. He has raced far ahead of OPM in curtailing civilian production. The job of OPM now is to catch up with the facilities and the materials which Mr. Henderson has taken out of daily civilian use and made available for war work.

But this task is largely in the hands of William S. Knudsen, who all along has been hesitant to force conversion of civilian plants. He didn’t want to change over the auto industry, and was largely responsible a year ago for rejecting the Reuther plan to that end.

Now shortages of materials have forced drastic reduction in auto production. Auto plant facilities will have to be used. Months ago some here were urging a census of machine tools in small shops and in captive machine-tool plants of large industries.

Whatever complaints we used to hear about Harry Hopkins, when he was told to put the unemployed to work he put them to work. OPM needs some of the same spirit of the impractical New Dealers. They may have been theorists but somehow they managed to get things done.

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Maj. Williams: Pacific tactics

By Maj. Al Williams

“Japan must be bombed to defeat.”

A very interesting air tactics fact is disclosed in a current news release from the Malay Peninsula British Command explaining that, due to the dense foliage of the Malayan jungles, prowling airmen find it difficult to locate and attack ground troops with bombs or machine gunnery. Neither British nor the Jap ground troops have had much to fear in the way of the dreaded air attack against troops on the march. In that terrain of mountain ridges, swamps and jungles, ground forces will have to stick to the few decent highways and the railroads.

Jap air attacks will be launched against these portions of the highways and railroads unprotected by jungle ceiling. This means air drives against the arteries of transportation. In turn, the British, knowing this, can plan to concentrate their heavy anti-air defenses at these points.

It is well to remember – without continuing the dangerous error of under-estimating the fighting capacity of the Japs – that early successes of the Japs against the British or American troops in the Far East are due to the fact that the Japs are able to throw in one new team after another, while our original first has to see it through the whole game. As has been so often pointed out, lines of communication are and always will be vital factors in warfare. And in this consideration, it is the “length and freedom” of those lines which are important.

I do not think it will be long before American strategists will have evolved tactics quite similar to those our forefathers used against the North American Indians in our frontier days. Our frontier warfare against the Indians was essentially a hit-and-run affair. Every time the pioneer frontiersmen adopted “Injun” tactics, they improved upon them and won out decisively. On the other hand, every time American armed forces attempted to use rule-book strategy and tactics against the Indians, there was trouble.

Successful management of the war in the Pacific calls for daringly modernized tactics – using our air and naval weapons – in much the same fashion as the American pioneers beat the Indians at their own game.

The Japs are not going to mass their naval forces to do battle with our main Pacific Fleet. So it looks as if the sooner we dig up a 1942 Daniel Boone the sooner this fracas will start swinging in our direction.

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Washington Daily News (December 29, 1941)

Buchalter: Moscow mission

By Helen Buchalter

Joseph E. Davies is probably the only man who has ever told Joseph Stalin to his face: “I am a capitalist – and proud of it.” The blunt remark endeared the American Ambassador to the Soviet leader and climaxed a period of American-Soviet amiability which was soon to be set back by the stupidity of Munich.

The meeting of the two Joes – recorded in Mr. Davies’ revelatory book, MISSION TO MOSCOW (Simon & Schuster), published today – created a sensation in the Soviet capital. Stalin practically never sees foreign emissaries, either officially or socially.

But when Mr. Davies was making his farewell call on Premier Molotov in June 1938, he “was almost struck dumb with surprise to see the far-end door of the room open and Stalin come in alone.”

They chatted informally for two and a half hours. Mr. Davies, to show how capitalism distributed its wealth to the masses, too, told Stalin how much income tax he paid and how much of Mrs. Davies’ $20,000,000 fortune the U.S. Government would take in inheritance taxes.

This obviously surprised Mr. Stalin, for he looked at Molotov with a smile and Molotov nodded.”

In a diplomatic corps which delighted in baiting the Reds on their home territory, this middle-western corporation lawyer was almost unique in winning the confidence and even the affection of Soviet leaders. Stalin himself grew curious from reports of his ministers about the fabulous multimillionaire who frankly said he did not go for communism but respected the honesty, the sincerity and the high ideals of the men who were remaking Russia.

From this book – a collection of confidential dispatches, diary entries and private correspondence – you gather quickly that Mr. Davies was an extremely shrewd and industrious observer. He felt he was a business man, not a diplomat, and he went about his duties with an open-minded efficiency that made him one of the best prophets in the American diplomatic service. Most accurate of his predictions was that Hitler could not lick Russia.

To this high score he owes the evidence of his own eyes and ears. Though he imported his capitalist tastes along with a 2,000-pound supply of frozen cream to the land of the workers’ republic, lie was no mere banqueteering ambassador.

Thus it was Mr. Davies who urged an alliance between the democracies and Russia as a bulwark against Nazi ambition before the war; who saw our neutrality legislation as an invitation to aggression; who w nurd that stubbing Moscow at Munich would lead to an expedient Berlin-Moscow truce.

In April 1938, he wrote to his son-in-law, Millard Tydings: “This isolation of Russia lx probably more serious to the democracies of Europe than it is to the Soviet Union. … As things are going in this cockeyed world, I am not sure but what the democracies of the world might not be damn glad someday to have the friendship and the power and the devotion to peace which this government could supply.”

[NormanStewart]

PROCLAMATION 2533
Amending Proclamations Relating to Alien Enemies

By the President of the United States of America

For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
December 29, 1941

WHEREAS Proclamations No. 2525 of December 7, 1941, and Nos. 2526 and 2527 of December 8, 1941, relating to alien enemies, charge the Attorney General with the duty of executing all the regulations therein prescribed regarding the conduct of alien enemies within Alaska, and confer certain authority upon him with respect to such duty; and

WHEREAS it appears that it would be desirable for administrative purposes to transfer such duty and authority to the Secretary of War:

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, as President of the United States and as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, do proclaim that the duty imposed upon the Attorney General by the aforesaid proclamations of executing all the regulations therein prescribed regarding the conduct of alien enemies within Alaska, and the authority conferred upon him with respect to such duty, are hereby transferred to the Secretary of War.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States of America to be affixed.

DONE at the City of Washington this twenty-ninth day of December in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and forty-one, and of the independence of the United States of America the one hundred and sixty-sixth.

FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT

By the President:
CORDELL HULL
Secretary of State.

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EXECUTIVE ORDER 9002
Exemption of Frank Burke From Compulsory Retirement for Age

For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
December 29, 1941

WHEREAS, in my judgment, the public interest requires that Frank Burke, agent, Secret Service Division, Treasury Department, who was exempted from compulsory retirement for age for periods totaling two years by Executive Orders No. 8302 of December 12, 1939, and No. 8584 of November 7, 1940, be further exempted from such compulsory retirement for a period of one year:

NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by section 204 of the act of June 30, 1932, 47 Stat. 382, 404 47 Stat. 382, 404 (U.S.C., title 5, sec. 715a), I hereby further exempt the said Frank Burke from compulsory retirement for age for a period of one year ending December 31, 1942.

FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT
THE WHITE HOUSE,
December 29, 1941.

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U.S. State Department (December 29, 1941)

Meeting of the United States and British Chiefs of Staff, 4 p.m.

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

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Churchill-Hopkins telephone conversation, 6:45 p.m.

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

[NormanStewart]

Völkischer Beobachter (December 30, 1941)

Nicht Konferenzen — Kanonen entscheiden
Frecher Britenbluff um die Bettelreisen

Worte, nichts als Worte in Washington Eden soll Europa an Stalin ausliefern
Eigener Bericht des „Völkischen Beobachters“

vb. Wien, 29. Dezember
Daß die Oberhäupter der demokratisch-bolschewistischen Weltkoalition nach dem Kriegseintritt Japans und dessen erstaunlichen Anfangserfolgen das dringende Bedürfnis hatten, sich gegenseitig auszusprechen, ist selbstverständlich. Wenn Bundesgenossen Tausende von Meilen auseinander auf den Gegenpolen des Erdballs wohnen, dann ist eine mündliche Unterhaltung über ihre künftigen Pläne und Taten doppelt notwendig. Churchills Reise nach Washington ist deshalb ebensowenig eine „Sensation“ wie Edens gleichzeitiger Besuch bei Stalin in Moskau, über den wir bereits in einem Teil unserer gestrigen Ausgabe berichtet haben.

Wir gönnen den Reklameministerien und den Boulevardblättern der drei ungleichen Verbündeten auch das billige Vergnügen, ihrer Phantasie über den Inhalt und das Ergebnis jener Konferenzen freien Lauf zu lassen. Aber wir meinen folgendes: Man soll in Washington, London und Moskau die Umwelt doch nicht für so dumm halten, daß sie glaube, mit der bloßen Tatsache der Zusammenkünfte sei irgend etwas Kriegsentscheidendes getan! Dies aber versuchen sie tatsächlich, wenigstens ihren eigenen Völkern weis zu machen.

In einem Reuter-Bericht aus Washington zum Beispiel heißt es wörtlich: „Man fühlt hier, daß die Besprechungen, die in den letzten Tagen in Washington und London stattfanden, das Schicksal Deutschlands besiegelt haben; seine Niederlage ist jetzt nur noch eine Sache der Organisation und der Zeit.“

Die Welt wird solchen naiven Versuchen der Selbstbetäubung die nüchterne Frage entgegenstellen: Welche praktischen Schlußfolgerungen habt ihr in Washington und Moskau aus der unleugbaren Tatsache gezogen, daß eure feuchtfröhlichen Vernichtungspläne gegen das ostasiatische Kaiserreich genau so unglücklich angelaufen sind, wie eure ältere, nicht minder naßforsche Prophezeiung, daß ihr „Hitler stoppen“ werdet? In der Geschichte haben auch die schönsten Konferenzen noch niemals Kriege gewonnen — über Sieg und Niederlage haben stets und immer die stählernen Kanonen und die starken Herzen entschieden. Daß Mauloffensiven untaugliche Mittel der Strategie sind, sollten gerade Churchill und Roosevelt inzwischen gelernt haben.

Verlassen wir nun diese Seite der Angelegenheit und wenden wir uns der sachlichen Seite zu: Dem diplomatischen Korrespondenten von Reuter zufolge war „der Hauptzweck der beiden Treffen, eine Art von Obersten Alliiertenrat zu errichten, um die Strategie der Bundesgenossen von jetzt bis zum Ende des Krieges zu leiten und zu kontrollieren.“

Einen recht bemerkenswerten Kommentar dazu, der die ungeheuren Schwierigkeiten dieses Planes andeutet, gibt der militärische Mitarbeiter des Reuter-Büros, der wohlbekannte alte General Gough. Er schreibt: „Die Koordinierung der gemeinsamen Strategie der Alliierten bringt viele schwierige Probleme mit sich. Auch die sämtlichen Hilfsquellen der Alliierten können nicht bewirken, daß sie überall zu gleicher Zeit stark sind. Das Problem heißt: Wo sollen wir zuschlagen, wo sollen wir helfen und was sollen wir vorübergehend aufgeben, bis wir uns wieder umdrehen und mit überwältigender Macht unsere weniger wichtigen Feinde treffen können? Wir haben bereits viel als Folge dieser gesunden, aber schmerzlichen Strategie geopfert. Wir haben Hongkong verloren. Wir haben auf der Malaienhalbinsel viel verloren und Singapur ist bedroht.

Auch die Amerikaner haben viel verloren, Kriegsschiffe und Stützpunkte. Wir sind außerordentlich beansprucht durch die Lieferungen, die wir machen müssen, um Moskau zu helfen und um unsere Armee im Mittleren Osten auszurüsten; die große Tonnage, die aufgewendet werden mußte, um alle diese Dinge zu befördern, hat uns daran gehindert, genügend Streitkräfte vorzubereiten, um sofort den japanischen Angriff im Pazifik zurückweisen zu können. Wir müssen bekennen, daß dort unfähige Kräfte am Werk waren, für welche England und Amerika jetzt teuer bezahlen müssen.“

Diese Beklemmungen eines alten Soldaten treffen die Lage entschieden besser als etwa das alberne Kommuniqué, das Eden in Moskau ausgegeben hat: „Aus den Besprechungen mit Stalin und Molotow ging die Übereinstimmung der Meinungen beider Parteien über die Führung des Krieges hervor, besonders hinsichtlich der Notwendigkeit für eine vollkommene Niederlage Hitler-Deutschlands!“ Dieser Satz war es wohl, der die Reuter-Juden zu der klassischen Feststellung ermutigt hat, daß das Schicksal Deutschlands in Moskau und Washington „bereits besiegelt“ worden sei.

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Zwingburg Singapur fühlt sich bedroht
Ipoh von den Japanern genommen

dnb. Tokio, 29. Dezember
Ipoh, die Hauptstadt der malaiischen Provinz Perak, ist am Montag von den Japanern genommen worden. Die britischen Truppen südlich des Perakflusses fliehen übersturzt, hart verfolgt von den japanischen Truppen, so meldet Domei. Der Abstand zwischen der britischen Nachhut und den japanischen Vorhuten betrage nur zwei bis drei Kilometer. Um die zweitgrößte Stadt Malayas, die von großer strategischer und infolge ihres Zinnreichtums von enormer wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung ist, wurde sehr heftig gekämpft. Der Angriff gegen Ipoh erfolgte nicht nur von Norden, sondern auch von Westen und wahrscheinlich sogar von Südwesten.

Wie „Tokio Asahi Schimbun“ von der Malayafront hierzu ergänzend berichtet, hatten die Engländer im Gebiet des Perakflusses starke Verteidigungsanlagen angelegt, die von der 11. Division — natürlich hauptsächlich Indern — unter dem Oberbefehl des Generalleutnants Lion gehalten wurden. Die anstürmenden Japaner warfen den Feind jedoch nach kurzen, aber äußerst heftigen Kämpfen aus diesen Stellungen und zwangen ihn durch Verfolgung zu schnellem Rückzug.

Hilferuf des Senders Singapur

Obwohl von einer direkten Bedrohung Singapurs angesichts der weiten Entfernungen und des schwierigen Geländes noch nicht gesprochen werden kann, so ist es doch erklärlich, daß der rasche japanische Vormarsch auf der Malaienhalbinsel in der britischen Seefestung noch wesentlich ernster beurteilt wird als in den sicheren Klubsesseln Londons oder Washingtons.

So hat der Sender Singapur am Montagmorgen einen dringenden Appell an Großbritannien und die USA gerichtet, mehr Mannschaften, Ausrüstung, Flugzeuge und Schiffe nach Singapur zu senden, das sich „in verzweifelter Notlage“ befinde. Niederländisch-Ostindien, Australien und Neuseeland seien nicht in der Lage, weitere Hilfe zu leisten, da sie selbst bedroht seien. Großbritannien und die Vereinigten Staaten sollten erkennen, daß Singapur der einzige noch verbleibende Marinestützpunkt in Asien ist und daß sein Fall das Schicksal nicht allein der Philippinen, Neuseelands und Australiens, sondern auch Burmas und Indiens besiegeln werde. Im Zusammenhang mit den gegenwärtigen Besprechungen in Washington und an anderen Orten meinte der Sender weiten es sei jetzt an der Zeit, daß die Demokratien zu reden aufhörten und sich dafür ans Werk setzen werden.

Blutige Meuterei indischer Truppen

Die Erwartung, daß die japanischen Siege nicht ohne Wirkung auf die asiatischen Hilfsvölker der Anglo-Amerikaner bleiben würden, findet ihre erste Bestätigung durch die blutige Meuterei britisch-indischer Soldaten während eines Gefechtes bei Alorstar im Staate Kedah. In gewohnter Weise wollte die britische Truppenleitung zwei Bataillone indischer Soldaten, die zusammen mit einem australischen Kontingent die Reserve bildeten, zuerst einsetzen. Die indischen Soldaten aber weigerten sich, den Vormarsch anzutreten, wenn die Australier nicht gleichzeitig vorrückten. Das britische Truppenkommando sah sich zum Nachgeben genötigt, und die gesamte Reserve wurde gleichzeitig in Marsch gesetzt. Die Australier und der britische Kommandostab marschierten zwischen den beiden indischen Bataillonen. Während des Marsches aber entstand unter den Indem plötzlich Meuterei. Sie feuerten auf die Australier, erschossen ihre eigenen britischen Offiziere und ergaben sich den Japanern. Wie Domei aus Kedah berichtet, wurden alle britischen Offiziere, soweit sie nicht flüchten konnten, durch die indischen Soldaten getötet.

20.000 Inder aufgerieben

Indische Truppen in der Stärke von 20.000 Mann, welche die sogenannte Popham-Linie verteidigten, sind zum größten Teil aufgerieben, meldet Domei in dem japanischen Frontbericht aus Malaya. Die Zahl der indischen Truppen, die sich ergeben, wächst täglich.

Die verzweifelten Anstrengungen des englischen Oberkommandos in Ostasien, Singapur zu retten, treten nun in ein neues Stadium ein, meldet der Bangkok-Vertreter der „Tokyo Nitschi Nitschi“. Obwohl England weitere indische Truppen nach Malaya gebracht hat, sind die Engländer keineswegs sicher, Singapur halten zu können und versuchen nun, eine zweite Verteidigungslinie ihrer asiatischen Besitzungen in Burma aufzurichten. Zu diesem Zwecke werden gegenwärtig große Mengen von Truppen, meist Inder, in Burma zusammengezogen, wobei Rangoon und Madalay als Zentren der sogenannten zweiten asiatischen Verteidigungslinie gelten sollen.

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Aufruf zum Heckenschützenkrieg nach Sowjetmuster
Roosevelt beschwört die Filipinos

Eigener Bericht des „Völkischen Beobachters“

rd. Stockholm, 29. Dezember
Präsident Roosevelt richtete am Montagmorgen überraschend eine Rundfunkbotschaft an die Philippinen. Roosevelt erklärt darin, die vollen Reserven der Vereinigten Staaten, des englischen Empire, Niederländisch-Indiens und Tschungkings stünden hinter der Verteidigung der Philippinen, die hievon freilich bisher nicht viel gemerkt haben. Er befürchtet wohl einen Abfall der Filipinos oder einen Zusammenbruch der Verteidigung, denn er fließt über von Phrasen wie „tiefe Bewunderung“, „niemals vergessen“… alles gegenüber den sonst tief verachten Filipinos, die er auf einmal als loyale „Amerikaner“ umschmeichelt.

Roosevelt spricht ganz im Stile der Wilson-Verheißungen die „feierliche Verpflichtung“ aus, die Unabhängigkeit der Philippinen sicherzustellen und zu schützen. Es folgt hinterher das dicke Ende: Roosevelt erwartet Kämpfe der ganzen Bevölkerung nach dem Sowjetvorbild gegen die japanischen Truppen. Er erklärt, er brauche wohl nicht zu sagen, wo die Pflicht der Bevölkerung liege. „Ich erwarte, daß jeder Mann, jede Frau und jedes Kind ihre Pflicht tun, und wir werden die unsere tun.“

Der USA-Beauftragte auf den Philippinen, Rayre, erklärte in Ergänzung der Botschaft Roosevelts, Hilfe werde sicherlich kommen, „ausreichend, um die Angreifer zu vertreiben und ihnen jede Rückkehr unmöglich zu machen“. Ob freilich hinter den jetzigen Versprechungen wirklich mehr steht als der Versuch, die Philippinen zu einem möglichst langen Krieg im Interesse der Rettung Singapurs zu veranlassen, muß sich erst erweisen.

Wo steckt die USA-Flotte?

Für die USA-Marine sind die jetzt erneut akut werdenden Fragen, welchen Einsatz sie im Pazifik vorzunehmen gedenkt, in höchstem Maße unbequem.

Sie sucht diese Frage in einer Erklärung, die ebenfalls in der Nacht zum Montag verbreitet wurde, als Ausfluß japanischer Propaganda hinzustellen, die nur herauslocken wolle, welche Operationen auf amerikanischer Seite geplant seien. Zu diesem Zweck würden von Japan aus Gerüchte über Bewegungen der USA-Flotte besonders im Hinblick auf die Philippinen in Umlauf gesetzt… Da das Washingtoner Marineministerium nach wie vor nicht einzugestehen wagt, daß die Pazifikflotte praktisch vernichtet ist, wird erklärt, die Flotte sei „nicht müßig“. Sie verfolge einen intensiven und wohlgeplanten Feldzug, der auch auf Hilfe für die Philippinen abziele. Sie wolle sich jedoch nicht zur Aufdeckung ihrer Operationen verleiten lassen.

Churchill besucht Kanada

Churchill hat unterdessen auch schon den ersten Gegenzug gegen die von Roosevelt mit Kanada eröffnete große „Auflockerung“ des Empire eingeleitet, indem er sich bei dem kanadischen Ministerpräsidenten Mackenzie King für nächste Woche zu einem zweitägigen Staatsbesuch mit öffentlichen Reden vor beiden Häusern des Parlamentes ansagte. Mackenzie King mußte diese Abrede sofort in Washington bekanntgeben.

Die Folgen der USA-Niederlugen

Die Amerikaner verstehen jetzt vielleicht, was es heißt, sich in der Verteidigung zu befinden, schreibt „Japan Times and Advertiser“. Das USA-Volk habe bisher niemals selber die wirklichen Schrecken des Krieges erfahren, sondern sich vielmehr nur mit dem Gedanken beschäftigt, wie man den Krieg in andere Länder tragen könne. Den Rhein, so fährt das Blatt fort, bezeichneten sie als ihre erste Verteidigungsstellung, die britische Flotte als ihr Bollwerk und sprachen davon, den Krieg in Japans Gewässer zu verlegen.

Auch die USA-Politik des Wirtschaftsdruckes auf von der Natur weniger mit Rohstoffen bedachte Staaten habe alles andere als die erwarteten Ergebnisse gezeitigt. Jetzt, da Amerika beispielsweise von den Hauptgebieten für Zinn und Gummiabgeschnitten sei, verstehe man vielleicht auch dort, was es bedeutete, Öl und Eisenvorzuenthalten.

Die Gummireserven Amerikas seien in Frist eines halben Jahres aufgebraucht. Die künstliche Herstellung und Lieferung aus Gebieten, die nicht von der japanischen Marine direkt kontrolliert werden, deckten aber nur einen Bruchteil des enormen USA-Bedarfs. Das gleiche treffe für Zinn zu, das zu drei Vierteln aus Malaya bezogen werde. Außerdem erhielten die USA bisher Rohseide zu 75 Prozent aus Ostasien, Chinin zu 29 Prozent, Tungstein zu 69 Prozent, Chrom zu 23 Prozent sowie zahlreiche andere Produkte. Damit erleide Amerikas Kriegswirtschaft einen schweren Schlag. Auch das gehortete Gold sei nicht in der Lage, diese dringend benötigten Rohstoffe zu beschaffen.

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Schwere Kämpfe um die Philippinenhauptstadt
Unaufhaltsamer Vormarsch auf Luzon

vb. Wien, 29. Dezember
Im Norden und Süden von Manila sind schwere Kämpfe im Gange, wie selbst das USA-Hauptquartier auf den Philippinen zugibt. Die Kämpfe im Norden konzentrieren sich um die kleine Stadt Tayun, wohin die in der Lingayenbucht gelandeten japanischen Truppen bereits etwa 60 Kilometer ostwärts vorgestoßen sind. Die Lage in der Provinz Pangansinan ist nach dem USA-Heeresbericht „unübersichtlich“. Der Provinzgouverneur hat jedoch schon eingestanden, daß er die Kontrolle verloren habe und daß wahrscheinlich mehrere Städte der Provinz in japanische Hände gefallen sind.

Die in Südluzon gelandeten japanischen Truppen machten erhebliche Fortschritte, wie aus Schanghai gemeldet wird. Die Operationen nahmen ihren Ausgang beiderseits der im Südosten von Tayabas gelegenen Landenge. Auf der Ostseite dieser Landenge, in der Lamonbai, haben die Japaner die Insel Alabat besetzt und sind gegenüber dem Nordende dieser Insel bei Mauban an Land ‚gegangen. Von Mauban aus sind sie bereits über Butucan vorgestoßen, einem Ort, von dem Manila einen Teil seiner Elektrizitätsversorgung erhält. Auf der Westseite der Landenge, an der Tayabasbai sind japanische Truppen bei Lucena gelandet, von wo aus sie auf Tayabas, dem Hauptort der gleichnamigen Provinz, und Sartaya vorrücken. USA-Truppen, die von Santa Cruz am Lagunensee aus anzugreifen versuchten, wurden gezwungen, an ihren Ausgangspunkt zurückzukehren.

Artillerie eingesetzt

Während die Japaner an den genannten Stellen vormarschieren, nahmen sie an der Westküste Südluzons neue Landungen vor, und zwar bei Nasagbu und Batangas. Nasagbu liegt ungefähr 20 Kilometer südlich des Eingangs zur Manilabai, Batangas ist der Hauptort der Provinz Batangas, er liegt südlich von Manila an der Batangasbai gegenüber der Insel Mindoro. Ferner wurden im Lingayengolf neue Streitkräfte an Land gebracht. An der Nordfront haben die Japaner bereits schwere Artillerie eingesetzt.

Am Sonntag führten die Japaner zwei neue Luftangriffe auf Manila durch, sie belegten die Nord- und die Südseite der Mündung des Pasigflusses mit Bomben, wobei ein Flußdampfer getroffen wurde. Außerhalb der Mole wurde ein Seedampfer schwer getroffen und brannte lichterloh, ein anderer Frachtdampfer brannte noch vom Vortage her.

Auch Reuter gab in einer Meldung aus Manila zu, daß japanische Flugzeuge am Sonntag Stadt und Hafen bombardiert haben. Bemerkenswert ist dabei, daß die halbamtliche britische Agentur in derselben Meldung von der „alten befestigten Stadt“ spricht und damit das durchsichtige USA-Manöver, das aus der Philippinenhauptstadt eine „offene Stadt“ machen möchte, eindeutig Lügen straft.

Tokio hat die Begleitumstände dieses unehrlichen Manövers noch einmal nachdrücklich klargelegt. Auf der Konferenz der Auslandspresse am Montag bestätigte der Chef des Informationsbüros, Regierung Tani, nochmals, daß weder japanische Militär- noch Zivilstellen direkt oder indirekt durch ‚einen dritten Staat von den Nordamerikanern darüber unterrichtet wurden, daß Manila zur offenen Stadt erklärt worden sei.

Wenn die Nordamerikaner tatsächlich die Stadt Manila und deren Bevölkerung vor den Auswirkungen des Krieges schützen wollten, dann würden sie besser daran tun, Manila den Japanern zu übergeben, wie dies beispielsweise mit Paris erfolgte. Die Erklärung der Vereinigten Staaten sei völlig einseitig, während im Falle von Paris Deutschland durch eine dritte Macht entsprechend unterrichtet worden sei.

[NormanStewart]

Führer-Hauptquartier (December 30, 1941)

Wehrmachtbericht

An verschiedenen Abschnitten der Ostfront wurden starke feindliche Angriffe in engem Zusammenwirken des Heeres und der Luftwaffe zerschlagen. Im Schwarzen Meer versenkten Kampfflugzeuge einen sowjetischen Zerstörer und beschädigten einen Kreuzer.

An der Murmanfront schlugen deutsche Truppen in der Zeit vom 21. bis 28. Dezember hartnäckige Angriffe der Sowjets bei strengstem Frost und Schneesturm mit vollem Erfolg ab. Der Feind hatte schwere blutige Verluste.

Starke Verbände von Kampfflugzeugen griffen in der Nacht zum 30. Dezember einen kriegswichtigen Versorgungshafen an der englischen Ostküste mit guter Trefferlage an. Bei Tage wurde westlich der Färöer ein Handelsschiff durch Bombenwurf versenkt.

Im Geleitdienst eingesetzte Unterseebootjäger schossen drei von sechs angreifenden britischen Bombern ab. Alle geleiteten Schiffe erreichten sicher ihre Bestimmungsorte.

In Nordafrika erzielten die deutsch-italienischen Truppen im Raum um Agedabia weitere örtliche Erfolge. Die Zahl der beim Gegenangriff abgeschossenen feindlichen Panzer hat sich auf 74 erhöht. Mehrere hundert Briten wurden gefangengenommen.

Auf der Insel Malta wurden Flugplätze des Feindes bei Tag und Nacht angegriffen. Vor La Valetta versenkten deutsche Kampfflugzeuge ein größeres Segelschiff. In Luftkämpfen schossen deutsche Jäger fünf britische Flugzeuge ab, ein weiteres Flugzeug wurde am Boden zerstört.

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Comando Supremo (December 30, 1941)

Bollettino n. 576

Il Quartier Generale delle Forze Armate comunica in data 30 dicembre 1941:

Nella regione di Agedabia attività di elementi esploranti. Il numero dei carri armati nemici distrutti nei combattimenti citati dal bollettino di ieri è salito a 74; i prigionieri ammontano ad alcune centinaia.

Sul fronte di Sollum intensificati duelli delle opposte artiglierie: una puntata di autoblindo contro la piazza di Bardia è stata respinta. Velivoli italiani e tedeschi da bombardamento in picchiata hanno attaccato con buon esito, nelle retrovie avversarie, concentramenti di truppe e di mezzi.

Incursioni aeree su Tripoli e Zuara: qualche vittima e scarsi danni. Nei dintorni di Atene sono state lanciate, da apparecchi inglesi, bombe dirompenti, senza conseguenze.

Un convoglio nemico in navigazione a nord della Cirenaica, è stato raggiunto da aeroplani germanici che hanno ripetutamente colpito un cacciatorpediniere e un piroscafo.

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U.S. Navy Department (December 30, 1941)

Communique No. 21

FAR EAST – Submarine operations against enemy surface craft are continuing. Reports that a U.S. destroyer and two of our submarines were sunk in the period December 26-28 are without foundation.

CENTRAL PACIFIC – The situation in respect to Midway Island remains unchanged. There have been no further attacks since last reported.

EASTERN PACIFIC – Japanese vessels are suspected of being in the vicinity of Kodiak. All merchant vessels have been warned.

There is nothing to report from other areas.

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EXECUTIVE ORDER 9005
Permitting Certain Positions to Be Filled by Promotion, Transfer, or Assignment of Certain Employees and Authorizing Such Employees to Acquire a Classified Status

For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
December 30, 1941

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Civil Service Act (22 Stat. 403) and by section 1753 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows:

SECTION 1. The incumbent of any position (other than a temporary position) in the Government who on June 30, 1941, held a permanent, indefinite, or emergency appointment and whose compensation was paid from funds allotted to any agency of the Government (other than the Work Projects Administration) in accordance with the provisions of section 6 (a) of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, Fiscal Year 1942, for administrative expenses of such agencies incident to the operation, planning, or review of Work Projects Administration projects and who is still so employed on the date of this order, may be promoted, transferred, or assigned to any position in the Government which on or after July 1, 1941, Is required to be filled in accordance with the Civil Service Rules.

SECTION 2. Any employee of the Government who is promoted, transferred, or assigned under section 1 of this order may acquire a competitive classified civil-service status in accordance with the applicable provisions of the act of November 26, 1940, 54 Stat. 1211, extending the classified civil service.

FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT
THE WHITE HOUSE,
December 30, 1941.

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EXECUTIVE ORDER 9003
Exemption of Joseph Tombrink from Compulsory Retirement for Age

For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
December 30, 1941

WHEREAS, in my judgment, the public interest requires that Joseph Tombrink, assistant engineman, Public Buildings Administration, Federal Works Agency, who, during the current month, will reach the retirement age prescribed for automatic separation from the service, applicable to him, be exempted from compulsory retirement for age for a period of one year:

NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by section 204 of the act of June 30, 1932, 47 Stat. 382, 404 (U.S.C., title 5, sec. 715a), I hereby exempt the said Joseph Tombrink from compulsory retirement for age for a period of one year ending December 31, 1942.

FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT
THE WHITE HOUSE,
December 30, 1941.

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EXECUTIVE ORDER 9004
Amending Schedules A and B of the Civil Service Rules

For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
December 30, 1941

By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Constitution, by Section 1753 of the Revised Statutes (5 U.S.C. 631), by the Civil Service Act of January 16, 1883 (22 Stat. 403), and as President of the United States, Schedules A and B of the Civil Service Rules are hereby amended to read as follows:

Schedule A – Positions Excepted From Examination Under Section 3, Civil Service Rule II

I. ENTIRE EXECUTIVE CIVIL SERVICE

1. Chaplains.

2. Cooks, when in the opinion of the Commission it is not expedient to make appointment upon competitive examination; but this paragraph shall not apply to positions of cook at fixed locations, such as hospitals, quarantine stations, or penal institutions.

3. Positions to which appointments are made by the President without confirmation by the Senate.

4. Special attorneys employed on a temporary basis for specific litigation or other legal work where knowledge of local values or conditions or other specialized qualifications not possessed by the attorneys regularly employed by the department are required for successful results. Such temporary employment shall be only for such time as is required to complete the specific assignment for which the original appointment was approved.

5. Chinese, Japanese, and Hindu interpreters.

6. Any person receiving from one department or establishment of the Government for his personal salary compensation aggregating not more than $540 per annum whose duties require only a portion of his time, or whose services are needed for very brief periods at intervals, provided that employment under this provision shall not be for job work such as contemplated in section 4 of rule VH3. Appointments under this paragraph for duty in Washington, D.C. may be made only with the express prior approval of the Commission when in the opinion of the Commission the use of existing registers or the establishment of new registers is impracticable. The name of the employee, designation, duties, rate of pay, and place of employment shall be shown in the periodical reports of changes; and in addition, when payment is not at a per annum rate, the total service rendered and the distribution of such service during the year shall be shown in the report of changes at the end of each year or when the employee is separated from the service. The additional employment under similar conditions of such a person by another department or establishment of the Government will be subject to the approval of the Commission.

7. Any person employed in a foreign country or in the Virgin Islands, or in Puerto Rico when public exigency warrants, or in any island possession of the United States in the Pacific ocean (except the Hawaiian Islands), or in the Philippine Islands, when in the opinion of the Commission it is not practicable to treat the position as in the competitive classified service; but this paragraph shall not apply to any person employed in Canada or Mexico in the service of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, Department of Justice, or to any person employed in any foreign country, or in the Virgin Islands, by the Bureau of Customs of the Treasury Department.

8. Officers and employees in the Federal service on the Isthmus of Panama, except accountant, bookkeeper, clerk, draftsman, physician, play-ground director, statistician, stenographer, surgeon, trained nurse, typist, and harbor personnel in the Quartermaster Corps of the War Department. Appointments to clerical positions on the Isthmus of Panama paying $100 in United States currency per month or less may be made without examination.

9. Positions in Alaska when, in the opinion of the Commission, the use of existing registers or the establishment of new registers is considered impracticable. Former employees who served in positions excepted under this paragraph may be reinstated to positions in Alaska in the department in which they served upon recommendation of the appointing officer and approval of the Civil Service Commission.

10. Temporary, part-time, or intermittent employments of mechanics, skilled laborers, and tradesmen on construction or repair work in the field services, in places where there is no local board of examiners of the Civil Service Commission for the employing establishment, and where the Commission deems it impracticable to establish registers of eligibles. Seasonal employments of a recurring nature are not authorized under this paragraph.

11. Any position directly concerned with the protection of the life and safety of the President and the members of his family.

12. Any person appointed without compensation or at a compensation of $1.00 per annum, provided such employments meet the requirements of applicable laws relating to compensation.

13. Professional, scientific and technical experts for temporary, part-time or intermittent employment for consultation purposes.

14. Unskilled laborers at any city, locality or establishment where the Labor Regulations were not in effect on July 1, 1941. The Commission, with the concurrence of the department or agency concerned, may include within the classified civil service unskilled laborer positions at any such city, locality or establishment.

II. STATE DEPARTMENT

1. Five special assistants to the Secretary of State.

2. All employees of international commissions, congresses, conferences, and boards, except the International Joint Commission; the International Boundary Commission, United States and Mexico; and the International Boundary Commission, United States, Alaska, and Canada.

3. Chief and two assistant chiefs of the foreign service buildings office.

4. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Secretary of State, and one to each Assistant Secretary of State.

5. One private secretary or confidential assistant to the head of each bureau in the State Department appointed by the President.

6. One chauffeur for the Secretary of State.

7. Gage readers employed part-time or intermittently by the International Boundary Commission, United States and Mexico, at such isolated localities that in the opinion of the Commission the establishment of registers is impracticable.

III. TREASURY DEPARTMENT

1. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Secretary of the Treasury, and one to each Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.

2. Special employees in the field service of the Bureau of Narcotics; and special employees for temporary detective work in the field service of the Bureau of Internal Revenue under the appropriation for detecting and bringing to trial and punishment persons violating the internal revenue laws. Appointments under this paragraph shall be limited to persons whose services are required because of individual knowledge of violations of the law, and such appointments shall be continued only so long as the personal knowledge possessed by the appointee of such violation makes his services necessary. This exemption from competition is for special and unusual cases only and report shall be made to the Commission by letter as soon as the appointment is made.

3. Bureau of Customs: Positions in foreign countries designated as “interpreter-translator” and “special employee,” when filled by appointment of persons who are not citizens of the United States; and positions in foreign countries of messenger and janitor.

4. Coast Guard: Lamplighters in the Lighthouse Service.

5. Five Assistants to the Secretary of the Treasury.

6. Receivers of insolvent national banks and other financial institutions which are filled by appointment by the Comptroller of the Currency and whose salaries are paid directly from the funds of insolvent institutions.

IV. WAR DEPARTMENT

1. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Secretary of War and one to each Assistant Secretary of War.

2. One chauffeur for the Secretary of War.

3. United States Army Transport Service: Longshoremen employed at ports in the United States; and the following positions on transport ships: Seaman, water tender, oiler, fireman, wiper, room-bath and deck steward, messman, mess-boy, dishwasher, janitor, porter, scullion, silver and glass man, watchman, head-waiter, waiter, bellboy, barber, laundry-man, Post Exchange steward, administrative assistant-Post Exchange, soda dispenser; and all grades of the following: Cook, baker, butcher, pantryman.

4. Positions the duties of which are of a quasi-military nature and involve the security of secret or confidential matter, when in the opinion of the Commission they cannot be filled from registers of eligibles.

5. One consulting architect for work of reconstructing the United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y.

6. In the Philippine Islands: Artisans engaged in a recognized trade, craft or skilled (manual) occupation} helpers in such occupations; and other subordinate employees in similar manual occupations; when, in the opinion of the Commission, the establishment of registers is impracticable.

7. Caretakers of abandoned military reservations or of abandoned or unoccupied military posts when the positions are filled by retired noncommissioned officers or enlisted men.

8. Civilian professors, instructors, and teachers at the United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., except the following: Civilian instructor of wrestling, civilian instructor of boxing, civilian instructor of gymnastics, chapel organist and choirmaster, teacher at the children’s school, and librarian.

9. Physicians and surgeons employed on a fee basis or under contract when, in the opinion of the Commission, the establishment of registers is impracticable.

10. Employees at Army hospitals in the Philippines and in Puerto Rico when, in the opinion of the Commission, the establishment of registers is impracticable.

11. Messenger boys employed on the Alaska Communications System.

12. Interns (medical and dental) in Army hospitals.

13. During the emergency declared by the President to exist on May 27, 1941, employees of the Army Motion Picture Service and positions of hostess and librarian under the Morale Branch of the Office of the Adjutant General assigned to Army posts.

14. During the emergency declared by the President to exist on May 27, 1941, all positions in the War Department on the Isthmus of Panama.

V. NAVY DEPARTMENT

1. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Secretary of the Navy, and one to each Assistant Secretary of the Navy.

2. Professors, instructors, and teachers in the United States Naval Academy.

3. Positions the duties of which are of a quasi-naval character and involve the security of secret or confidential matter when, in the opinion of the Commission, they cannot be filled from registers of eligibles.

4. Positions of attendant and orderly at the United States Naval Home when filled by the appointment of beneficiaries of the Home.

5. At the naval stations at Cavite, Olongapo, and Guantanamo: Artisans engaged in a recognized craft, trade, or skilled (manual) occupation; helpers in such occupations; other subordinate employees in similar manual occupations; supervisory employees over workers in these occupations; when, in the opinion of the Commission, the establishment of registers is impracticable.

VI. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

1. Director and three assistant directors of prisons.

2. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Attorney General, and one to each of the following: Assistant to the Attorney General, Solicitor General, Assistant Solicitor General, and each Assistant Attorney General.

3. One chauffeur for the Attorney General.

4. Eight positions in the immediate office of the Attorney General in addition to those excepted under paragraph 2 of this subdivision.

5. Members of the board of parole.

6. All positions in the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

7. One private secretary to the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization.

8. Federal Prison Industries, Inc.: The Commissioner of Industries.

9. Three Deputy Commissioners of Immigration and Naturalization.

10. Court reporters employed by courts outside continental limits of the United States.

11. Deputy United States Marshals paid on a fee basis.

12. Positions of bailiff in the United States Courts.

VII. POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT

1. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Postmaster General, one to each Assistant Postmaster General, and one to the Solicitor of the Post Office Department.

2. One private secretary or confidential assistant to the head of each bureau (or office) in the Post Office Department in Washington, D.C., who is appointed by the President.

3. All employees in post offices of the third and fourth class, except postmasters and village delivery carriers.

4. One chauffeur for the Postmaster General.

5. Five special assistants to the Postmaster General.

6. Substitute rural carriers.

7. Special delivery messengers.

8. Unskilled laborers employed as janitors and cleaners at a compensation less than $720 per annum.

VIII. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

1. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Secretary of the Interior and one to each Assistant Secretary of the Interior.

2. One chauffeur for the Secretary of the Interior.

3. Office of the Secretary: One assistant to the Secretary.

4. Engineers, geologists, economists, architects and appraisers in a consulting or advisory capacity for temporary, part-time, or intermittent employment. Employments under this paragraph shall not exceed four months in any one calendar year, unless prior permission is given by the Commission for the extension of an additional four months.

5. Positions in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Washington, D. C., and in the field, when filled by the appointment of Indians who are of one-fourth or more Indian blood.

6. One private secretary or confidential assistant to the head of each bureau in the Interior Department who is appointed by the President, and one each to the Governors of Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.

7. All employees of the Neopit Lumber Mills on the Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin.

8. Agricultural extension agents and home demonstration agents employed in field positions in the Indian Service, the work of which is financed jointly by the Indian Service and cooperating persons, organizations or governmental agencies outside the Federal service.

9. Local physicians and dentists employed in the Indian Service on a part-time or fee basis or under contract, when, in the opinion of the Commission, the establishment of registers is impracticable.

10. Temporary, intermittent, or seasonal positions in the National Park Service when filled by the appointment of persons who are certified as maintaining a permanent and exclusive residence within, or contiguous to, a National Park and as being dependent for livelihood primarily upon employment available within the National Park, subject to the approval of the Commission.

11. Seaman, deckhand, fireman, cook, mess attendant, and water tender on vessels of the Fish arid Wildlife Service.

12. Housekeepers in the Indian Service, at a gross salary not in excess of $600 per annum.

13. Agents in the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Grazing Service employed in field positions, the work of which is financed jointly by the Interior Department and cooperating persons or organizations outside the Federal Service.

14. Positions in the field service of the Fish and Wildlife Service concerned with scientific fishery investigations when filled by the appointment of students at colleges and universities of recognized standing: Provided, that substantial contributions to the investigations are made by such colleges or universities in money, services, or materials or in the use of buildings, laboratories, equipment, or facilities or otherwise. Such employments may be continued under this authority only so long as the appointee is a bona fide student at the particular college or university and receives academic credit toward a degree for the work which he is performing for the Fish and Wildlife Service.

15. Office of the Secretary: Director and Assistant Director of the Division of Power.

16. Office of the Secretary: One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Director of the Division of Power.

17. National Power Policy Committee: The General Counsel.18. Temporary or seasonal caretakers at temporarily closed camps or improved areas to maintain grounds, buildings or other structures and prevent damage or theft of government property. Such appointments shall not extend beyond six months without the prior approval of the Commission.

18. Temporary seasonal field assistants in forestry and range management at salaries not to exceed a rate of $1,440 a year and for not to exceed four months in any one calendar year.

19. Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration: One administrator and one head administrative officer.

20. Petroleum Conservation Division: A director, a secretary to the director, and three members of Federal Tender Boards.

21. Office of Indian Affairs: The executive director of the Indian Arts and Crafts Board.

22. Bituminous Coal Division: The director of the division, one administrative assistant to the Director, and ten special assistants in the Bituminous Coal Division.

23. Bonneville Power Administration: One administrator and one assistant administrator.

24. Division of Territories and Island Possessions: The director of the division.

25. Territory of Hawaii: One Hawaiian Homes Representative.

26. Virgin Islands: The administrator of St. Croix, Virgin Islands.

27. Office of the Secretary: Six field representatives whose duties are of a confidential nature.

28. Office of the Secretary: Six special agents in the Division of Investigations to investigate fraudulent entries and other matters of a criminal nature.

IX. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1. (a) Agents employed in field positions the work of which is financed jointly by the Department and cooperating persons, organizations, or governmental agencies outside the Federal service.

   (b) Local agents, except veterinarians, employed temporarily outside of Washington in demonstrating in their respective localities the necessity of eradicating cattle ticks, scabies, hog cholera, and animal tuberculosis, and other contagious or infectious animal diseases.

   (c) Positions the duties of which require a speaking knowledge of one of the Indian languages.

   In making appointments under this paragraph, a full report shall be submitted immediately by the Department to the Commission setting forth the name, designation, and compensation of the appointee and a statement of the duties to which he is to be assigned and of his qualifications for such duties, in such detail as to indicate clearly that the appointment is properly made under one of the above classes. The same procedure shall be followed in case of the assignment of any such agent to duties of a different character.

2. One chauffeur for the Secretary of Agriculture.

3. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Secretary of Agriculture, and one to each Assistant Secretary of Agriculture.

4. Student assistants whose salaries shall not exceed a rate of $480 a year while employed. Only bona fide students at high schools or colleges of recognized standing shall be eligible for appointment under this paragraph. Appointments shall not exceed 6 months in any 1 calendar year, except in exceptionally meritorious cases, and then only upon prior approval of the Commission. Appointments under this paragraph shall be reported to the Commission in such form as the Commission may prescribe.

5. Temporary, intermittent or seasonal positions in the Forest Service when filled by the appointment of persons who are certified as maintaining a permanent and exclusive residence within, or contiguous to, a national forest and as being dependent for livelihood primarily upon employment available within the national forest, subject to the approval of the Commission.

6. Two assistants to the Secretary in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture.

7. Any local veterinarian employed on a fee basis or a part-time basis where, in the opinion of the Commission, the establishment of registers is impracticable.

8. Farm Credit Administration: One private secretary or confidential assistant each to the Governor of the Farm Credit Administration, the Land Bank Commissioner, the Intermediate Credit Commissioner, the Production Credit Commissioner, and the Cooperative Bank Commissioner.

9. Farm Credit Administration: Positions in the Federal Intermediate Credit Banks and the Production Credit Corporations.

10. Farm Credit Administration: Positions in the Regional Agricultural Credit Corporations.

11. Farm Credit Administration: The General Counsel and the General Solicitor.

12. Commodity Credit Corporation: Members of the Board of Directors.

13. Commodity Credit Corporation: The President, two Vice Presidents, Assistant to the President, and five Regional Directors.

14. Rural Electrification Administration: One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Administrator.

15. Rural Electrification Administration: Two Deputy Administrators.

16. Rural Electrification Administration: The General Counsel.

17. Forest Service: Temporary emergency forest guards employed for fire prevention or suppression for periods not to exceed an aggregate of 120 days in anyone calendar year.

18. Agricultural Adjustment Administration: The Administrator, Assistant Administrator, Special Assistant to the Administrator, Regional Directors and Assistant Regional Directors.

19. Agricultural Adjustment Administration: Members of State committees.

20. Agricultural. Adjustment Administration: Farmer fieldmen and farmer fieldwomen to interpret, explain and supervise farm programs.

21. Agricultural Adjustment Administration: Temporary, intermittent and seasonal employees to check allotments, whose aggregate employment shall not exceed 120 days in any one calendar year.

22. Crop Insurance Corporation: The manager, branch managers, and farmer fieldmen.

23. Farm Security Administration: The Administrator and three assistant administrators.

24. Surplus Marketing Administration: The President and three Vice Presidents of the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation.

25. The Solicitor of the Department of Agriculture.

26. Technical or professional consultants or advisors, at salary rates of $4600 or more, employed for not to exceed six months in any one calendar year.

27. Temporary, seasonal field assistants in forestry and range management, at salaries not to exceed a rate of $1440 a year, and for not to exceed four months in any one calendar year.

28. Temporary, seasonal clerical or custodial positions in the Field Service of the Department of Agriculture, at places other than Civil Service District headquarters, paying not to exceed a rate of $1800 a year, for periods not to exceed six months in any one calendar year, whenever in the opinion of the Commission such positions can not be filled from existing registers.

29. Temporary or seasonal caretakers at temporarily closed camps or improved, areas. Such appointments shall not extend beyond a period of six months, except with the prior approval of the Commission’s District Managers.

X. EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

1. Bureau of the Budget: One private secretary or confidential assistant each to the Director and Assistant Director.

2. National Resources Planning Board: Professional, scientific and technical experts (including part-time advisors, part-time chairmen of field offices, and part-time chairmen and members of technical advisory committees) employed for short periods for consultation purposes.

3. National Resources Planning Board: Employees in field positions the work of which is financed jointly by the Board and cooperating organizations or Governmental agencies outside the Federal Service.

4. National Resources Planning Board: Student assistants whose salaries shall not exceed a rate of $480 a year while employed. Only bona fide students at high schools and colleges of recognized standing shall be eligible for appointment under this paragraph. Appointments shall not exceed six months in any one calendar year, except in exceptionally meritorious cases and then only upon prior approval of the Commission. Appointments under this paragraph shall be reported to the Commission in such form as the Commission may prescribe.

5. Office of Government Reports: Two assistant directors.

6. Office of Government Reports: The Executive Officer.

7. Office of Government Reports: Eight technical consultants.

8. Office of Government Reports: One State Director in each State.

9. Office of Government Reports: One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Director, to each Assistant Director, and to the Executive Officer.

[NormanStewart]

XI. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

1. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Secretary of Commerce, and one to each Assistant Secretary of Commerce.

2. One private secretary or confidential assistant to the head of each bureau in the Department of Commerce who is appointed by the President.

3. One chauffeur for the Secretary of Commerce.

4. Student assistants in the National Bureau of Standards whose salaries shall not exceed a rate of $480 a year each while employed. Only bona fide students a t high schools or colleges of recognized standing pursuing technical or scientific courses shall be eligible for appointment under this paragraph. Appointments shall not exceed 6 months in any one calendar year, except in especially meritorious cases, and then only upon prior approval of the Commission. Appointments under this paragraph shall be reported to the Commission in such form as the Commission may prescribe.

5. Seaman, deckhand, fireman, cook, mess attendant, and water tender on vessels of the Department of Commerce.

6. Office of the Secretary of Commerce: Six assistants to the Secretary.

7. Temporary appointments to such positions required in connection with the surveying operations of the field service of the Coast and Geodetic Survey as may be authorized by the Commission after consultation with the Department of Commerce. Appointments to such positions shall not exceed 8 months in any one calendar year.

8. Caretakers and helpers at magnetic and seismological observatories outside continental United States.

9. Caretakers and light attendants employed on emergency landing fields and other air navigation facilities.

10. One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Administrator of the Civil Aeronautics Administration.

11. Agents to take and transmit meteorological observations in connection with airways, whose duties require only part of their time, and whose compensation does not exceed $100 a month.

12. Weather Bureau: Agents employed in field positions the work of which is financed jointly by the Department of Commerce and cooperating persons, organizations, or governmental agencies outside the Federal Service.

    In making appointments under this paragraph, a full report shall be submitted immediately by the Weather Bureau to the Commission, setting forth the name, designation and compensation of the appointee and a statement of the duties to which he is to be assigned and of his qualifications for such duties in such detail as to indicate clearly that the appointment is properly made under the above paragraph. The same procedure shall be followed in case of the assignment of any such agent to duties of a different character.

13. Bureau of the Census: Supervisors, Assistant Supervisors, and supervisors’ clerks and enumerators in the field service for temporary, part-time, or intermittent employment for not to exceed one year.

14. Bureau of the Census: Employments of individuals, firms, or corporations for not to exceed four months in any one calendar year for special statistical studies and statistical compilations, the compensation for which is derived from funds deposited with the United States under the Act of May 27, 1935 (49 Stat. 292), provided that such employments may, with the approval of the Commission, be extended for not to exceed four additional months.

XII. INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each commissioner.

XIII. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

1. Commissioners of conciliation in labor disputes whenever in the judgment of the Secretary of Labor the interests of industrial peace so require.

2. Office of the’ Secretary: Three special assistants to the Secretary.

3. One private secretary or confidential assistant to the head of each bureau in the Department of Labor who is appointed by the President.

4. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Secretary of Labor, and one to each Assistant Secretary of Labor.

5. Division of Public Contracts: The Administrator, the Assistant Administrator, and three Members of the Public Contracts Board.

XIV. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Comptroller General.

2. Two assistants to the Comptroller General.

XV. MARITIME LABOR BOARD

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Board.

XVI. BOARD OF TAX APPEALS

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Board.

XVII. FEDERAL LOAN AGENCY

1. Electric Home and Farm Authority: Members of the Board of Trustees.

2. Export-Import Bank of Washington: Members of the Board of Trustees.

3. Export-Import Bank of Washington : One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Board of Trustees.

4. Electric Home and Farm Authority: The President and the Vice President.

5. Electric Home and Farm Authority: The Secretary and Assistant Secretary.

6. Electric Home and Farm Authority: The Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer.

7. Electric Home and Farm Authority: The General Manager, the Assistant General Manager, and five District Managers.

8. Electric Home and Farm Authority: The General Counsel.

9. Electric Home and Farm Authority: The Commercial Manager and Assistant Commercial Manager.

10. Electric Home and Farm Authority: The Credit Manager.

11. Federal Home Loan Bank Board: One Assistant to the Board.

12. Federal Home Loan Bank Board: One Executive Assistant to the Board and one Assistant to the Chairman of the Board.

13. Federal Home Loan Bank Board: One position of Assistant to the Chair man of the Board and to the General Manager of the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation.

14. Federal Home Loan Bank Board: One Deputy or Assistant to the Vice Chairman of the Board and to each of the remaining three members of the Board.

15. Federal Home Loan Bank Board: One private secretary or confidential assistant to each of the five members of the Board.

16. Federal Home Loan Bank Board: One General Counsel and one Associate General Counsel in charge of the legal work of the Board.

17. Federal Home.Loan Bank Board:A governor, two deputy governors and one assistant governor of the Board.

18. Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation: One Assistant to the Board of Directors.

19. Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation: One Associate General Counsel in charge of the legal work of the Corporation.

20. Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation: The General Manager and one Deputy Manager of the Corporation.

21. Home Owners’ Loan Corporation: One Assistant to the Board of Directors.

22. Home Owners’ Loan Corporation: One Associate General Counsel in charge of the Legal Department of the Corporation and one Assistant to the General Counsel in charge of financial matters and matters of financial policy referred to the Legal Department.

23. Home Owners’ Loan Corporation: The General Manager of the Corporation and three Deputy General Managers, one in charge of appraisal and reconditioning, one in charge of loan service, and one in charge of property management.

24. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: One secretary, two assistants to the secretary, four assistant secretaries, one treasurer, one assistant to the treasurer, and four assistant treasurers of the Corporation.

25. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: One private secretary or confidential assistant each to the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Corporation.

26. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: One assistant to the Directors.

27. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Twelve special assistants to the Board of Directors.

28. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: One assistant to each member of the Board of Directors.

29. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Six administrative assistants in the Office of the Board of Directors.

30. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Two junior administrative assistants in the Office of the Board of Directors.

31. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Six special representatives (field).

32. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Chairman and one private secretary or confidential assistant to each of the other members of the Board of Directors.

33. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: One private secretary or confidential assistant to the General Counsel.

34. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Two private secretaries or confidential assistants assigned to the Federal Loan Administrator.

35. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Four chauffeurs for the Chairman and members of the Board of Directors.

36. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: All directors, trustees, and officers (President, Vice President, General Counsel, Assistant General Counsel, Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Treasurer, and Assistant Treasurer) of subsidiary or affiliated corporations.

37. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Any position when the incumbent thereof is serving as director, trustee, President, Vice President, General Counsel, Assistant General Counsel, Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer of a subsidiary or affiliated corporation.

38. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: One general counsel, one special counsel, and six assistants general counsel.

39. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Position of Chief Accountant.

40. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Position of division chief in the following divisions: Auditing, Agency, Examining, Railroad, Self-Liquidating, Statistical and Economic, and Information and Personnel.

41. Reconstruction Finance Corporation : Position of section chief in the following sections of the Self-Liquidating Division: Engineering, Mining, Bond Service, and Drainage and Irrigation.

42. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Positions of six Assistant Chiefs of the Examining Division.

43. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Position of three administrative assistants in the Examining Division.

44. Reconstruction Finance Corporation : Position^ of two special examiners in the Railroad Division.

45. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Not to exceed 32 positions of Loan Agency Manager.

46. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Not to exceed 36 positions of Assistant Loan Agency Manager.

47. Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Inventory custodians, watchmen, caretakers, and laborers engaged in the care and preservation of property held by the Corporation or its Subsidiaries as security for loans, or property to which title has been acquired by the Corporation or its Subsidiaries.

48. Federal Housing Administration: Four assistant administrators, two special assistants to the administrator, and five deputy administrators.

49. Federal Housing Administration: An executive secretary of the Administration.

50. Federal Housing Administrator: Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the administrator.

51. Federal Housing Administration: One chauffeur for the administrator.

52. Federal Housing Administration: A general counsel.

53. Federal Housing Administration: One position of executive assistant and budget officer.

54. Federal Housing Administration: One assistant to the administrator on public relations.

55. Federal Housing Administration: Eighteen district directors, two territorial directors, and thirty-six State directors.

XVIII. VETERANS’ ADMINISTRATION

1. Five special assistants to the Administrator.

2. One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Administrator.

3. Positions in Veterans’ Administration facilities when filled by the appointment of members of such facilities receiving domiciliary care if, in the opinion of the Veterans’ Administration, the duties can be satisfactorily performed by such members.

4. Any local physician or dentist employed on a fee basis or a part-time basis when, in the opinion of the Commission, the establishment of registers is impracticable.

XIX. FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY

1. Two private secretaries or confidential assistants to the Administrator of the Federal Security Agency.

2. Social Security Board: One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Board.

3. Public Health Service: Special escorts to accompany patients of the Public Health Service in accordance with existing laws and regulations. Employments under this paragraph shall be only for the period of time necessary for the escort to deliver the patient to his destination and to return.

4. Public Health Service: Classified positions at Government sanatoria when filled by patients during treatment or convalescence.

5. Public Health Service: All persons employed in leprosy, yellow fever, and psittacosis investigation stations.

6. Public Health Service: Any local physician or dentist employed on a fee basis or a part-time basis when, in the opinion of the Commission, the establishment of registers is impracticable.

7. Public Health Service: Employees engaged on problems in preventive medicine financed or participated in by the Federal Security Agency and a cooperating State, county, municipality, incorporated organization, or an individual, in which at least one-half of the expense is contributed by the cooperating agency either in salaries, quarters, materials, equipment, or other necessary elements in the carrying on of the work.

8. Public Health Service: Professional, technical, or scientific specialists when employed on a fee basis or part-time basis as consultants in connection with problems in preventive medicine, such appointments to be subject to the prior approval of the Commission.

9. Public Health Service: Interns (medical and dental).

10. Public Health Service: Research associates holding fellowships for a fixed term of service in the National Institute of Health under the act approved May 26, 1930. The qualifications for such research associates shall be subject to approval by the Commission.

11. Public Health Service: One position of cook (oriental style), one position of kitchenman-waiter, and one position of attendant-messenger-interpreter at the Immigration Hospital, Angel Island, California.

12. Freedmen’s Hospital: Pupil nurses, interns, and resident physicians.

13. St. Elizabeth’s Hospital: Visiting physicians and organist.

14. Food and Drug Administration: Professional, technical or scientific specialists when employed intermittently for short periods, not to exceed a total of 60 days in any one year, as members of the Standards Committee for duty in connection with the formulation of definitions and standards of identity and quality for food products, or as consultants upon problems in their specialized fields having to do with the enforcement of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.

15. National Youth Administration: All positions.

16. Public Health Service: Members of the National Advisory Health Council.

17. Public Health Service: Members of the National Advisory Cancer Council.

18. Public Health Service: Trainees in cancer research.

19. Public Health Service: Research Fellows appointed under Section 5 (b) of the Act of August 5, 1937.

20. Office of Education: Specialists engaged on a study of higher education for Negroes.

XX. EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each Commissioner.

XXI. U.S. MARITIME COMMISSION

1. All positions on Government-owned ships operated by the U.S. Maritime Commission.

2. Twelve positions of Director of Division, and seven positions of Regional Director.

3. One assistant to each member of the Commission and two assistants to the Chairman of the Commission.

4. Ten special assistants to the United States Maritime Commission.

5. The Secretary of the Commission.

6. The General Counsel.

7. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each Commissioner and to the General Counsel.

8. The Executive Director.

9. The Financial Assistant to the Chairman.

XXII. FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION

1. One private secretary and one confidential assistant to each Commissioner.

2. A secretary to the Commission.

3. Consultants, experts and special counsel whose employments and compensation are fixed by contract within the limits of special funds appropriated by Congress for this purpose.

XXIII. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Commission.

2. One General Counsel.

3. Director of Trading and Exchange Division, Director of Public Utilities Division, Director of Registration Division, Director of Reorganization Division, and Director of Investment Companies Division.

4. One Chief Accountant.

5. One Foreign Expert.

XXIV. NATIONAL RAILROAD ADJUSTMENT BOARD

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Board.

XXV. NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION

1. Architectural or engineering consultants, land appraisers and land purchasing officers for temporary, intermittent, or part-time service.

XXVI. FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Board of Directors.

2. All field positions concerned with the work of liquidating the assets of closed banks or the liquidation of loans to banks, and all temporary field positions the work of which is concerned with paying the depositors of closed insured banks.

XXVII. ADVISORY COMMISSION TO COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Advisory Commission to Council of National Defense.

XXVIII. ALLEY DWELLING AUTHORITY

1. The Executive Officer of the Alley Dwelling Authority.

XXIX. INLAND WATERWAYS CORPORATION

1. Until June 30, 1943, all positions in or under the Inland Waterways Corporation.

XXX. FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY

1. Agents employed in field positions the work of which is financed jointly by the Federal Works Agency and cooperating persons, organizations, or governmental agencies outside the Federal service.

In making appointments under this paragraph, a full report shall be submitted immediately by the Federal Works Agency to the Commission, setting forth the name, designation and compensation of the appointee and a statement of the duties to which he is to be assigned and of his qualifications for such duties in such detail as to indicate clearly that the appointment is properly made under the above paragraph. The same procedure shall be followed in case of the assignment of any such agent to duties of a different character.

2. Office of the Administrator: Two expert assistants to the Administrator.

3. United States Housing Authority: One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Administrator.

4. Public Buildings Administration: The Commissioner of Public Buildings.

5. Public Buildings Administration: One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Commissioner.

6. Public Roads Administration: The Commissioner of Public Roads.

7. Public Roads Administration: One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Commissioner.

8. Public Works Administration: The Commissioner of Public Works.

9. Public Works Administration: One private secretary or confidential assistant to the Commissioner.

XXXI. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION

1. A secretary to the Commission.

2. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each Commissioner.

3. A general counsel and three assistant general counsels.

4. A chief engineer and three assistant chief engineers.

5. A chief accountant and three assistant chief accountants.

XXXII. UNITED STATES TARIFF COMMISSION

1. The secretary of the Commission and one private secretary or confidential assistant to each Commissioner.

XXXIII. RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD

1. Two members of the Actuarial Advisory Committee to be selected by the Board, one from recommendations made by representatives of the employees, and one from recommendations made by the carriers.

2. Two members of each District Board which may be established by the Railroad Retirement Board, one member to be appointed from recommendations made by the representatives of the employees, and one from recommendations made by the carriers.

XXXIV. CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD

1. A secretary to the Board.

2. A general counsel and two assistant general counsels.

3. Two permanent expert Consultants.

4. Professional, technical and scientific consultants for temporary, part-time or intermittent employment for periods not to exceed six months in any one calendar year, but such employment may be extended for an additional six months with the approval of the Commission.

5. One special Canadian representative and counsel.

6. Examiners employed on a temporary, part-time, or intermittent basis for periods not to exceed four months in any calendar year.

7. One confidential assistant to each member of the Board.

8. A director and assistant director of the Economic Bureau and a director and assistant director of the Safety Bureau.

XXXV. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

1. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the board.

XXXVI. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART

1. A director, an assistant director, a secretary, and a chief curator.

XXXVII. UNITED STATES SOLDIERS’ HOME

1. All positions.

XXXVIII. FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

1. All positions under the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

XXXIX. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

1. Seven Chiefs of Divisions.

XL. BOARD OF INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH
(Transportation Act of 1940)

1. One position of Secretary to the Board.

2. One private secretary or confidential assistant to each member of the Board.

SCHEDULE B – POSITIONS WHICH MAY BE FILLED UPON NONCOMPETITIVE EXAMINATION

I. INTERIOR DEPARTMENT

1. Any competitive position at an Indian school when filled by the wife of a competitive employee of the school, when because of isolation or lack of quarters, the Commission deems it in the interest of the service to have appointment made upon noncompetitive examination.

2. Twelve field representatives to act as the immediate and confidential representatives of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, subject to such evidence of qualifications as the Commission may prescribe after consultation with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

3. Civilian Conservation Corps: Civilian field positions in Civilian Conservation Corps camps at not to exceed a rate of $1,320 per annum, when filled by the promotion of active enrollees.

II. FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY

1. Administrative or custodial positions in the field service of the United States Housing Authority relating to the management or maintenance of Federal low-rent housing projects which, in the opinion of the Commission, cannot be filled satisfactorily through open competitive examinations; provided, that no position shall be filled under this paragraph unless it is clearly demonstrated that the best interests of the service will be served thereby.

III. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

1. Not to exceed six specialists who may be employed in the United States for the purpose of promoting the foreign and domestic commerce of the United States.

2. Special agents employed in collecting cotton statistics.

IV. WAR DEPARTMENT

1. Positions of military storekeeper in the Signal Service at Large when filled by retired noncommissioned officers of the Signal Corps.

2. Four positions of headquarters messenger at the headquarters of the Philippine Department, when filled by honorably discharged enlisted men who have been on duty at those headquarters.

3. Any person employed in an area outside the continental limits of the United States (except the Canal Zone and Alaska), when in the opinion of the Secretary of War the best interests of the service so require.

4. Classified positions in the field service of the War Department when filled by the promotion of unclassified laborers appointed under the Labor Regulations, subject to the approval of the Commission.

5. Civilian Conservation Corps: Civilian field positions in Civilian Conservation Corps camps at not to exceed a rate of $1,320 per annum, when filled by the promotion of active enrollees.

6. Civilian Conservation Corps: Positions of subaltern in Civilian Conservation Corps camps when filled by the promotion of active enrollees who have satisfactorily completed a prescribed course of instruction of the subaltern school.

V. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

1. Surgeons of the police and fire departments of the District of Columbia.

VI. TREASURY DEPARTMENT

1. Classified positions in the field service of the Treasury Department, when filled by the promotion of unclassified laborers appointed under the Labor Regulations, subject to the approval of the Commission.

VII. STATE DEPARTMENT

1. Specialists in foreign relations, political, economic, and financial, whose proposed compensation is $3,200 or more, and whose training and experience along the lines of their proposed duties meet the standard minimum qualifications set up in open competitive examinations for positions in the professional service for corresponding grades.

2. Persons formerly employed abroad as United States diplomatic or consular officers of career or foreign-service officers of career for the period of at least 4 years, for service in the Department of State as administrative officers or executive advisers in positions comparable in salary with the associate professional grade or higher.

VIII. NAVY DEPARTMENT

1. Such positions of a professional, scientific, technical, or supervisory nature under the Naval Establishment in the Philippine Islands, as may be agreed upon by the Secretary of the Navy and the Commission.

2. Any person employed in an area outside the continental limits of the United States (except the Canal Zone and Alaska), when in the opinion of the Secretary of the Navy the best interests of the service so require.

3. Classified positions in the field service of the Navy Department and the Marine Corps when filled by the promotion of unclassified laborers appointed under the Labor Regulations, subject to the approval of the Commission.

IX. POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT

1. One postal rate expert.

2. Classified positions in the Custodial Service and in the Division of Equipment and Supplies under the Fourth Assistant Postmaster General when filled by the promotion of unclassified laborers subject to the approval of the Civil Service Commission.

X. VETERANS’ ADMINISTRATION

1. Classified positions in the Veterans’ Administration when filled by the promotion of unclassified laborers appointed under the Labor Regulations, subject to the approval of the Commission.

XI. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1. Classified positions in the field service of the Department of Agriculture when filled by the promotion of unclassified laborers appointed under the Labor Regulations, subject to the approval of the Commission.

2. Farm Credit Administration: The Deputy Governor, Deputy Commissioners and Assistant Commissioners, the Director and Assistant Director of the Regional Agricultural Credit Division, the Director of the Credit Union Section, the Director and Assistant Director of the Emergency Crop and Feed Loan Section, and the Director of the Mortgage Corporation Service Section.

3. Farm Credit Administration: Special field representatives who serve as Vice Presidents of the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation.

4. Commodity Credit Corporation: Technical or professional consultants or advisors, at salary rates of $4,600 or more, for periods not to exceed 18 months.

5. Civilian Conservation Corps: Civilian field positions in Civilian Conservation Corps camps at not to exceed a rate of $1,320 per annum, when filled by the promotion of active enrollees.

XII. THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES

1. Classified positions in the National Archives when filled by the promotion of unclassified laborers appointed under the Labor Regulations, subject to the approval of the Commission.

XIII. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

1. National Training School for Boys: Assistants to cottage officers when filled by the appointment of bona fide students at colleges or universities at salaries not in excess of $540 per annum, subject to the approval of the Commission.

2. Special experts employed on a temporary basis for. specific litigation or other legal work in which technical knowledge of particular industries, or knowledge of other highly technical matters not possessed by regular employees of the Department, is required for successful results. Such temporary employment shall be only for such time as is required to complete the specific assignment for which the original appointment was approved.

XIV. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

1. Classified positions in the Smithsonian Institution when filled by the promotion of unclassified laborers appointed under the Labor Regulations, subject to the approval of the Commission.

XV. FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION

1. A general counsel and two assistant general counsels.

2. A chief examiner and a chief engineer.

3. Five regional directors.

4. A chief and an assistant chief of the following bureaus: Bureau of Accounts, Finance & Rates, Bureau of Electrical Engineering, Bureau of Water Power.

XVI. ALLEY DWELLING AUTHORITY

1. Architectural or engineering consultants, construction supervisors, landscape planners, surveyors and related positions for temporary, intermittent, or part-time service.

XVII. FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY

1. Civilian Conservation Corps: Civilian field positions in Civilian Conservation Corps camps at not to exceed a rate of $1,320 per annum, when filled by the promotion of active enrollees.

XVIII. FEDERAL LOAN AGENCY

1. Federal Housing Administration: A director of each of the following divisions: Technical Division, Land Planning Division, Research and Statistics Division, and Underwriting Division.

2. Federal Housing Administration: A comptroller.

3. Federal Housing Administration: Two land use planners.

XIX. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

1. Not to exceed five special experts.

The Civil Service Commission with the concurrence of the department or agency concerned may revoke in whole or in part any paragraph of Schedule A or B.

Final decision as to whether the duties of any position in the executive civil service are such that appointments there to are authorized under any paragraph of Schedule A or B shall rest with the Civil Service Commission.

This order shall be effective July 1, 1941.

FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT
THE WHITE HOUSE,
December 30, 1941.

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U.S. State Department (December 30, 1941)

Meeting of the United States and British Chiefs of Staff, 3 p.m.

Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

[NormanStewart]

The Evening Star (December 30, 1941)

JAP VESSELS BELIEVED OFF ALASKAN COAST
Ships warned by Navy of peril near Kodiak

Corregidor toll 107; reprisals urged by Gen. MacArthur
By the Associated Press

BULLETINS

The Navy announced today that Japanese vessels are suspected of being in the vicinity of Kodiak Island, off the coast of Alaska. Merchant vessels operating in that area have been warned, the Navy said. It was indicated the vessels might be submarines.

In communique No. 21 the Navy said the situation in respect to Midway Island remains unchanged and that there have been no further attacks since last reported. Submarine operations against enemy surface attack were said to be continuing. The communique denied flatly reports that a U.S. destroyer and two of our submarines were sunk in the period of December 26-28.

The War Department announced late this afternoon that yesterday’s bombing of Corregidor caused casualties of approximately 27 killed and 80 wounded.

Heavy enemy pressure was acknowledged in the northeastern sector of the Philippine front, while enemy air attacks were reported over a wide area.

Jap planes blast at Manila Bay defenses

Japanese air assaults on Manila Bay defenses, concentrated on the Corregidor Island fortress (1), have raised the possibility that Japan is getting ready for a naval smash at the key defenses of the harbor. This map indicates forts defending the bay area. (AP)

Gen. Douglas MacArthur urged today that retaliatory measures be taken against the Japanese for the recent bombings of Manila, which he characterized as “completely violative of all the civilized processes of international law.”

An official War Department communique said a survey of damage to “undefended Manila by the repeated senseless and savage bombing by Japanese aircraft… indicates that churches and other centers of Christian worship and culture were deliberately selected as special targets for enemy attacks.”

The damage, said the department, extended to the great Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, the historic college of San Juan Lateran, two convents, a hospital and at least five other churches and three colleges supported by religious institutions.

Gen. MacArthur’s message to the War Department said, “Enemy mercilessly bombed the open city of Manila, using 63 bombers.”

He added: “Damage has been severe and includes all types of civilian installations such as churches, the cathedral, hospitals, convents, business, and private dwellings.

“It is notable that before Manila was declared an open city and before our anti-aircraft defense evacuated therefrom, he (the enemy) had abstained from attempted bombing of anything in Manila except military installations.

“His present actions can only be deemed completely violative of all the civilized processes of international law. At the proper time I bespeak due retaliatory measures.”

Japanese Army reported 45 miles from Manila

MANILA (AP) – Japanese forces which landed last week southeast of Manila have fought their way to Luisiana and Dolores, each about 45 airline miles from this city, and apparently are attempting to effect a junction for a further advance, reliable dispatches from the front said today.

In the north, the new American line, shortened and consolidated by Gen. Douglas MacArthur, was said to run east and west through Zaragoza, some 65 miles above Manila.

The exact positions of the Japanese in this theater were not known, but were believed to be a few miles north of the American line, with patrols active in between.

American forces apparently had withdrawn completely from the Lingayen Gulf area.

The two Japanese columns in the south evidently aimed to join at San Pablo.

Separated by lake

This town is 35 airline miles southeast of Manila, but the Laguna de Bay, a lake about 25 miles long and 15 miles wide, lies between that position and the Philippine capital.

If the Japanese reached San Pablo, it was probable one column would circle southward and westward to Batangas Province on the west coast of Manila.

Relative inactivity at the fronts, reported in this morning’s communique, was taken to mean that the Japanese were resting their troops and bringing up fresh supplies of ammunition and gasoline and reinforcements for new assaults.

Yesterday’s announcement from Washington that the Japanese were landing veteran troops was believed here to mean that possibly the troops used in attacking Hong Kong were being transferred to the Philippines.

So far, all reports from the fronts have agreed that the Japanese troops here were young and ill-trained.

Officers in the field in central Luzon said that up to yesterday there had been no major test of Japanese-American strength. Activity thus far had been mostly confined to artillery and some tank engagements. they said, with a few infantry battles.

Small losses numerically

Losses so far have been small numerically, but relatively heavy in proportion to numbers engaged, it was said.

Manila, whose military significance has been lost by the declaration that it is an open city, was kept on edge by continued Japanese air activity in the vicinity.

U.S. Army headquarters, which declared yesterday that the Japanese were continuing to land reinforcements in Southern Luzon and were exerting steady pressure made no reference to the situation there or in the north in its 11:45 a.m. (9:45 p.m. EST Monday) communique.

“Everything is quiet,” said the bulletin, briefest of the war.

Approximately two hours before this communique was issued Manila had a 17-minute air raid alarm but no planes appeared over the city.

No attack in 48 hours

There had been no air attack, however, in 48 hours up to 1 p.m. (11 p.m. EST Monday) and Manilans waited anxiously to find out whether the enemy had decided to recognize Manila as an open city or were just preoccupied with air assaults elsewhere.

A haze over Manila Bay at the time of the alert made it impossible for observers to determine whether the Japanese had again attacked Corregidor Island fortress at the mouth of the harbor, which was assaulted from the air for two hours yesterday.

That raid, the first officially reported sustained attack on Corregidor, apparently cost the Japanese heavily.

Gen. MacArthur’s headquarters announced tersely “a number of Japanese planes were shot down,” and observers reported that one wave of 27 attacking bombers made off with four gaps in the original formation.

No statement of damage

There was no immediate announcement concerning the damage – if any – caused by the raid which was generally regarded as the opening salvo in a Japanese attempt to reduce the fortress.

It was persistently reported that Japanese warships attempted to approach the rocky fortress undercover of Monday’s aerial bombardment. However, U.S. Army headquarters said it had no confirmation of the reports and did not believe them because Japanese ships would only give the big Corregidor guns fine targets.

Washington watched with keen interest for definite evidence of such an operation, for it would mark the first time in modern warfare that naval forces have moved directly against the heavy guns of a major base.

Before the advent of airpower, strategists gave the land batteries a distinct edge in such an engagement, but the teaming of bombers with surface vessels may upset this long-standing theory.

The evidence of Wake Island, however, would indicate that such a naval operation is still a very costly operation. Although Wake had no protective fortifications and only light guns – six 5-inchers and two 3-inchers – the Marine gun crews were officially credited with sinking a light cruiser and three destroyers.

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Japanese predict Manila will fall before January 10

Tokio spokesman warns of bombing of any city used as Chinese base

TOKIO (Official Broadcast) (AP) – A Japanese military spokesman declared today that operations in the Philippines were moving according to schedule and predicted the fall of Manila before January 10.

At the same time the spokesman warned that Calcutta or any other Far Eastern city would be bombed by the Japanese Air Force if it were converted into a supply base for the Chinese government at Chungking.

He issued the warning, he said, because of reports that plans were afoot, to transfer Burma Road transportation facilities and personnel from Rangoon to Calcutta.

Destroyer declared sunk

The Japanese Navy, meanwhile, issued a communique declaring that between December 22-28 Japanese naval aircraft operating in the waters around Luzon had sunk one destroyer and two submarines and had damaged 76 merchant vessels, of which seven were left in sinking condition.

Japanese naval aircraft also were credited during the same period with destroying 56 planes in and around the Sulu and Celebes Seas and with destroying many hangars and airport facilities in British Borneo.

During these operations, the communique said, Japanese naval air craft losses were only two planes.

Another bulletin said 16 submarines had been sunk prior to December 20 by Japanese naval vessels and aircraft patrolling the Southwestern Pacific.

List of Jap claims

The official report broke down the claimed damage inflicted on enemy air forces by naval airmen as follows:

Philippines: Nine airplanes, including four flying boats, shot down; 27 airplanes, including four flying boats, destroyed on the ground.

British Borneo: Eleven airplanes, including a flying boat, shot down; two destroyed on the ground.

South China, Celebes and Sulu Seas: Two flying boats shot down and five flying boats destroyed on the water.

Numerous air bases and hangars have been damaged and destroyed in the Philippines and British Borneo, the report added.

Daily air attacks were made on Manila shipping to prevent escapes by sea, the announcement said.

An Army bulletin said Japanese planes subjected the Singapore area to a severe attack Monday night for the second time in the war.

Chinese forces last 329,927 killed and 94,826 men taken prisoner in fighting from January to October (inclusive), Col. Hideo Ohira, chief of the army press section of Imperial Headquarters, announced.

In an average of 2,000 engagements a month with the Chinese, Japan lost 9,527 killed, he said.

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Angry leaders hint ‘terrible’ vengeance confronts Japan

Wheeler sees crackup of Nazis; U.S. denies Jap charge of Davao killings

Hope that an internal collapse in Germany will ease the way for the Allies to “bring Japan to her knees” was coupled on Capitol Hill today with promises of “terrible retribution” to the Japanese for what the State Department described as their ruthless and wanton bombing of Manila civilians.

The State Department charged last night that Japan was trying to divert attention from her own “wholly wanton disregard” of even “the elemental rules of decency” by protesting the alleged killing of 10 Japanese nationals in Davao, one of the points of invasion in the Philippines.

Hope and belief that Germany is bound to “crack up” from within was expressed, meanwhile, by two senators who before December 7 opposed administration foreign policy – Senators Wheeler, D-Montana, and Capper, R-Kansas.

Legislators enraged

Their statements followed hints of retaliatory bombing of Tokio and other Japanese cities from legislators enraged by Japan’s air blasting at Manila after it had been declared an open, undefended city.

“Aside from its aspects of sadistic cruelty,” declared Majority Leader Barkley, “Japan’s action is the most stupid imaginable, for the retribution she has brought on herself will be terrible.

“Manila is suffering, with its 600,000 inhabitants huddled under the rain of Japanese missiles. Think of Tokio, with ten times as many inhabitants, when the inevitable day of destruction comes, as our bombers swoop down upon the city.”

The State Department’s denunciation of Japanese tactics at Manila came in a statement replying to Japan’s charge that 10 of her nationals had been killed, presumably by American authorities, at the time of the Japanese assault on Davao.

This government has no reports substantiating the charge, the department said, but pointed out that the Japanese “have ruthlessly, wantonly and with a complete lack of humanity” killed scores of civilians and wounded hundreds more in Manila.

Nazi crackup seen by Wheeler

Sen. Wheeler said he always had felt that “sooner or later” Germany would crackup from within, and asserted that the “most hopeful sign” now is “the fight the Russians are putting up and the indications that are coming out of Germany that the people there are beginning to get restless.”

“If Germany should crackup – and I hope it will – then in my judgment,” he continued, “England, Russia, China and the United States could bring Japan to her knees. In that event we could make it so that we would never have to fear the Japanese menace in the Pacific again.”

Sen. Capper, who declared in an address broadcast over WMAL in the National Radio Forum sponsored by The Star that American disagreements over foreign policy “came to a sudden and complete end on the afternoon of December 7,” expressed surprise “that Germany has been able to hold out as long as she has without an internal break-up.”

“If Germany should crumble from within,” he added, “it would make our task in the Pacific much shorter and easier.”

In his radio address, he said, “don’t worry – our Navy will come through all right.”

Tydings lauds defenders

Meanwhile, Sen. Tydings, D-Maryland, chairman of the Senate Territories Committee, declared current attacks on the Philippines are “but the opening chapter” of hostilities which will end with every Japanese invader being driven from the islands.

In a statement broadcast to the Philippines, he declared everyone in this country is “watching with keen pride and deep admiration the gallant and resolute resistance” of the armies and the Filipino people “against the savage and lawless Jap invaders.”

In view of this courageous stand, he said, the United States “could do no less” than continue its support “until our every promise to the Filipino people has been fulfilled.”

The State Department issued the following statement last night concerning Japanese charges and activity in the Philippines:

“The Department of State has received through the Swiss Legation, representing Japanese interests in the Philippines, a communication from the Japanese government in which it protests the alleged killing of 10 Japanese nationals at the time of the assault by the Japanese forces against Davao on the Island of Mindanao.

Incident unsubstantiated

“This government has not previously heard of the incident and has no reports whatsoever which would substantiate in the slightest degree the incident complained of by the Japanese government.

“For days previous to the delivery of this note, the Japanese not only have been continuing their unprovoked aggression against Philippine Islands, but they have also ruthlessly, wantonly and with a complete lack of humanity bombed the defenseless civilian population of a declared open city, have killed scores of civilians and have wounded hundreds more.

“While the United States would not condone the acts of any of its officials or of any persons under its authority which contravene the accepted rules of international law, and will always investigate complaints and take such proper steps as may be warranted under the facts, the record established by Japan over a number of years and in her recent activity in the Philippines clearly shows a wholly wanton disregard by Japan of international law and of principles of humanity and even of the elemental rules of decency designed to avoid needless injury to the defenseless civilian population.

“The objective of the Japanese in making this protest is clear; that is, to attempt to divert attention from their iniquities by making accusations against others.”

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U.S. warship bagged 6 planes during Pearl Harbor attack

Another page in the history of the Pearl Harbor attack was made public today when the Navy released extracts from the log of a United States destroyer which shot down six Japanese planes during the surprise raid.

The log reveals that the fourth plane in the attacking formation was struck by the destroyer and others were obliged to drop their torpedoes in locations where they did no damage. The log entry was timed at 7:58 a.m., Honolulu time, and the extracts released by the Navy follow:

“Observed torpedo plane come in from direction of Merry Point between navy yard and Kauhua Island, 30 or 40 feet altitude, headed for a battleship. About two or three hundred yards from battleship, dropped its torpedo and hit the battleship amidships.

Attackers shot down

“Sounded general quarters and commenced firing.

“Hit fourth plane coming in which was seen to crash in channel off Officers’ Club landing.

“Machine gun fire on eighth plane made it swerve to left, causing torpedo to drop and explode in bank about 30 feet ahead of this ship. No. 1 machine gun downed plane in navy yard channel.

“Third torpedo plane which was hit was observed headed for two cruisers astern. Plane went out of control, dropped its torpedo. This was about the 11th plane to come in.

Dive bomber bagged

“Next plane hit came over dock, but was downed with a short burst. Torpedo dropped in lumber pile and plane believed to have crashed on dock.

“Fifth plane brought down came down on starboard side, nosed directly into air and spun into crash, loosing its torpedo.

“Sixth plane brought down was a dive bomber during second phase of attack and after torpedo attack. This plane was shot down by anti-aircraft gun and those from other ships.”

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Midway forces holding, Marine tells sister here

The Washington sister of a Marine on Midway Island reported last night that she had received a Christmas cable from her brother, indicating that the little island’s defenders are still holding out against Japanese attack.

The cable, sent by Sgt. George Petroff last Friday, simply said: “A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.” It was the second time his sister, Miss Eleanor Petroff, 1747 Allison St. N.E., had heard from him since the war. The first cable, sent on December 13, merely said: “Okay. Love, George.”

Sgt. Petroff, who enlisted in the Marines five years ago at the age of 22, was in the news a year ago when Japanese arrested him and four other Marines in Peiping, China, and held them prisoner for 17 hours, in the course of which they were beaten up. The incident was one of the many that became subjects for diplomatic discussion before Pearl Harbor.

Miss Petroff, who is an employee of the Washington Gas Light Co., said her brother had been stationed on Midway Island since July.

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Adm. Yarnell urges U.S. to admit Asiatics

NEW YORK (AP) – Rear Adm. H. E. Yarnell, USN (ret.), addressing delegates to the joint meeting of the American Political Science Association and the American Society for Public Administration, in a discussion of post-war problems declared that the United States should no longer exclude Asiatics, but should grant them the same quota privileges as other nationalities.

“Perhaps the most difficult problem is that of surplus population,” he said. “Suitable areas are becoming less suitable in desirability and extent. Japan’s population increases annually by hundreds of thousands, yet migration into Manchukuo is of small amount on account of the inhospitable climate.

“There are only 700,000 Japanese in Manchukuo after 10 years’ occupation. China, if taken over, offers no relief, as it is already overcrowded.”

New chief of Navy too busy to attend rite in his honor

Adm. Ernest J. King, new commander in chief of the United States Fleet, officially took office at noon today, but was not present at the simple ceremony held at the Washington Navy Yard.

The new commander in chief was in conference when his four-star admiral’s flag was hoisted aboard the USS Vixen, a converted yacht, now a Navy gunboat.

[NormanStewart]

Stowe: Burma Road hauling luxuries as arms pile up

Thousands of Chinese troops lack equipment; medical supplies resold in shops
By Leland Stowe, war correspondent of The Star and the Chicago Daily News

This article is one of a series written by Leland Stowe after a trip which took him over the Burma Road. Articles describing this trip appeared some time ago in The Star. This present series represents the results of further investigation, which naturally required time. The Star publishes it at this time in the belief that public knowledge of the conditions described should spur efforts, already understood to have been taken, to clean up the situation.

RANGOON – Of all the “squeezes” which Chinese ingenuity has perfected, the Burma Road since its opening in September, 1938, has been the greatest racket in China. It has been and still remains both a national scandal and a national disgrace. This is the plain truth known to all who have spent any time in China or along the road.

Because the Burma Road has for years been dominated by racketeers and war profiteers, always partially operated or controlled by the same kind of gentry, tens of thousands of Chinese soldiers have gone without rifles, hand grenades or munitions. Unknown quantities of medical supplies, including gifts from Chinese relief organizations in the United States and elsewhere, never reached a military or civilian hospital, but have been sold at neat profits in private shops in various parts of China.

Because of the Burma Road racket hundreds of thousands of Chinese soldiers have existed without blankets and Chinese wounded still lie on hospital cots in thin, dirty cotton uniforms while 1,000,000 woolen blankets have lain in Rangoon ware houses, neglected by the Chinese administrators of the Burma Road traffic for more than a year. Legions of ants have now rendered these blankets useless, but even before they were destroyed and while no effort was being made to move them the Chinese solicited more blankets from the American lease-lend.

‘War materials’ slip through

For several months 200,000 new blankets have been arriving here with each lease-lend shipload. As a result of the Burma Road racket tens of thousands of tons of private contraband have been moved into China during the past three years while as many thousands of tons of essential war materials have been left in Burma or along the road.

Hundreds of motorcars have been sent into China, where they were sold to wealthy Chinese, whether politicians or private citizens, at 4 to 10 times their normal sales price. In Kunming, while I was there, a new Buick sold for between 5,000 and 6,000 American dollars. Smuggled whisky brought $20 and sometimes even $30 a bottle. Perfume for wives or concubines was almost priceless.

Hundreds and probably thousands of trucks loaded with such luxuries have slipped over the Burma Road’s 750-mile route from Lashio to Kunming labeled as “war materials” or marked as destined for governmental agencies, while a share of the profits was distributed along the line. Nobody knows how many millionaires have been made thanks to the Burma Road scandal, but the total certainly runs into several millions of dollars. All these are facts which have been long notorious both in China and Burma.

In addition, there has never been real police control or patrol along the Burma Road’s extended Chinese section. Trucks have been continually plundered or stripped of their vital parts or have disappeared altogether. Assaults upon drivers and robbery always have been common, while many murders have been committed and the arrest of the murderers virtually unheard of, if such ever happened.

Lorry driver slain

During the first week in December a United States Navy supply truck was proceeding up the road behind another lorry when a huge Chinese armored car rammed the lorry, which was entirely on its own side of the road. A dozen Chinese soldiers in the armored car jumped out, hauled the lorry’s driver from his seat, beat and kicked him. One soldier grabbed an iron hammer used for cracking rock beside the road and bludgeoned the driver’s brains out with repeated blows. Other soldiers knifed the driver’s companion to death. The gang then overturned the lorry, re-entered the armored car and drove off. Three Americans on the Navy truck were powerless to intervene against 12 armed soldiers.

Two weeks before this happened, William Dunn of the Columbia Broadcasting System was traveling down the road. A group of Chinese Army hitchhikers assaulted his chauffeur because he had refused earlier to give them a lift. They beat the driver with spades and sticks, and one finally knocked him out with a big rock. The driver would unquestionable have been killed if the American had not been present. The driver said afterward, “If I strike back, they will shoot me, and nobody will care.”

All this is merely a very incomplete intimation of the dimensions of the Burma Road abuses in its seamy history. Why hasn’t the story been told long ago? Chiefly because the gallant Chinese people were resisting with their backs to the wall. Correspondents who might have reported the truth about the Burma Road were fearful of aiding the Japanese aggressors. Nevertheless. I believe that it was a great mistake that the whole sordid story was not published at least a year ago, when a half-hearted and completely ineffectual move was begun to increase traffic over the road.

Materials lie untouched

After traveling up the road to Kunming in October, I wrote a series on the Burma Road but could not give more than a few hints about racketeering and other abuses when writing from Chungking. Moreover, I did not feel justified in attempting any elaborate expose of conditions until I had spent considerable time inside China and conducted much thorough investigation. At that time, too, still another changed administration had just taken over the road’s supervision – but today it has achieved nothing more than superficial reforms, such as improvement of certain physical dispositions along the road.

How the Burma Road racket has vitiated China’s war-waging capacities could be shown through hundreds of examples, but the following fact provides adequate intimation. Raw materials which for more than a year piled up untouched along the lower sections of the road and which are badly needed so China’s arsenals can produce more than the present fraction of their productive capacity in small arms, machine guns and ammunition – the amount of these materials actually required each month inside of China – represent less than one-sixth of the monthly capacity of the Burma Road. In actual fact, however, the Chinese have moved only one-twentieth of the monthly quota of these needed raw materials over the road for the past 10 months.

Smuggling brings profits

A few thousand tons monthly of materials for Chinese arsenals have been replaced by tons of private merchandise smuggled in and sold for profit. In countless different ways the same thing has been happening, yet while these abuses existed and were even tolerated by many Chinese officials and profited from by executives and employees of governmental agencies, the Chungking authorities were soliciting scores of millions of dollars’ worth of American equipment, supposedly to put China in a position to fight an offensive war.

If the whole story of the Burma Road is ever written it will make a fat volume stuffed with unsavory facts, but as a racketeering expose it would deserve to be a best seller. There is space here for only a few typical illustrations.

A Chinese agency, the Southwest Transportation Co., now controls all trucking over the road and as such handled lease-lend cargoes marked China defense supplies, or CDS. Until the Burmese government protested most emphatically, this company used to charge 15 percent on all cargoes moved from Rangoon to Lashio, including water material cargoes. This change came in time to save American taxpayers paying Southwest a cozy profit for moving lease-lend donations to China as far as Lashio.

But the company’s executives devised other means of profiteering, one of them being to sign up private trucking companies as their contractors. Thus, while Southwest Transportation’s rates remained at a nominal figure, huge quantities of cargo were handed over to private “contractors” who charged double or triple tonnage rates on cargoes they carried.

Scores of instances

Cases verified by Burma control officials show profits of $30 per ton often made from a three-day haul over one section of the road, or as much as $1,000 on 36 tons. Those who have been intimately acquainted with the Burma Road racket over a long period say that a portion of these fat profits inevitably reached the pockets of Southwest executives who engineered the deal. Instances of this sort could be multiplied scores and probably hundreds of times.

Burma authorities have been powerless to prevent the shipment of commercial goods into China disguised as war or Chinese government materials since southwest officials, all Chinese, are always in a position to offer assurances that any convoy contains urgently needed war materials. It is known that China’s National Resources Commission dispatched a convoy from Lashio paying tonnage rates exactly double the established tariff. In Lashio early in October a Chinese government official was promising to fix delivery of commercial or contraband shipment of goods to Kunming and offering to pay nearly four times the regular tonnage rates. Such things merely are an ordinary Burma Road phenomenon but explain why the road has been the biggest squeeze and biggest racket of the Far East for the past three years.

Due to the personalities involved many such incidents also explain why the abuses have gone unchecked.

Gasoline richest in graft

Perhaps the richest subject for graft connected with the Burma Road has been gasoline because motor fuel is one of the chief lacks inside China and the black market prices make it liquid gold. Sixty to 80 percent of a cargo over the road has often been the average for gasoline, including high octane for aviation. Vast quantities of this precious fuel have constantly disappeared from trucks to the enrichment of all parties to the contraband trade. Gasoline is simply delivered to dumps inside China usually under fictitious names and then it simply never reaches its supposed destination. No Chinese representatives along the road have ever altered this situation. Gas sells in Kunming for as much as $1.60 a gallon – to private persons, of course.

In Kunming streets, you see an enormous number of new American limousines especially Buicks, very few of which are owned by the government or army officials.

Chungking also has a great many automobiles owned by private citizens despite the fact that the gasoline and motorcar shortage is supposedly very great. War profiteers and fixers inside government departments ride well.

Abuses threaten lives

Even in Rangoon the majority of fine automobiles, particularly new American makes, are owned by Chinese representatives or the Burma Road and other Chinese agencies or private enterprises. These same prosperous Chinese have taken a large proportion of the finest suburban houses near Rangoon. Their number has increased markedly since the lease-lend shipments began to arrive several months ago.

Until the lease-lend to China was inaugurated the Burma Road racket was chiefly vicious for its seriously weakening effect upon China’s armed strength, upon her industrial capacity and upon the morale of her people. It still exercises the same effects, but now that China and the United States are allies the Burma Road abuses definitely threaten to throw a much larger burden of combat throughout Eastern Asia upon the Americans and the British. They threaten, also, unless a wholesale cleanup is soon made through all the Burma Road agencies, to cost an inestimable number of American and British lives in the next year or two – lives which might be saved provided China is made capable of an all-out effort on her own fronts.

But China will never be capable of doing her armed utmost in the field until Burma Road abuses and racketeers are abolished. She cannot do her utmost without regularly receiving the maximum of bonafide war materials over the Burma Road, nor can her allies do their utmost to help her.

The Burma Road scandal has become an urgent war problem for the American government and the American people, quite as much as for the Chinese government, it would not have become that had it not been for uncurbed cupidity on the part of a considerable number of Chinese authorities, both official and private, in connection with the Burma Road over the past three years.

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Burma Road abuses declared reduced, shipments speeded

Traffic up sixfold in last two months, official sources say
By Blair Bolles

Burma Road traffic into Chungking has increased sixfold during the last two months, official sources here said today in commenting on reports of graft and irregularities in the use and supervision of the road.

It is felt the flow is considerably in excess of what normally might have been expected after the subsidence of the summer floods, which impede the dispatch of the goods from Rangoon northward into China.

The American government reportedly is satisfied with the progress made in the improvement of the road’s use as a real lifeline to keep China well armed for the fight with Japan. This government is said to be well aware of all the facts relating to the road’s use.

The increased traffic on Burma Road is said to result from institution of reforms concerning the use and control of the road which followed the visit to the Burma Road region of Daniel Arnstein, New York taxicab operator and traffic authority, invited to the Far East by the Chinese government.

Some abuses admitted

It was learned that Mr. Arnstein in his full report on the road, which was never made public, granted there were some abuses in connection with the road and outlined procedure for remedy. It is said officially that most of the abuses have been eliminated.

Goods of war now make up the bulk of material transported over the road, it was said. A regulation recently effective requires that every other truckload admitted to the road be made up of war material. This reduces the use of the road for private purposes.

Reports have reached Washington of friction between British and Chinese officials over handling the Burma Road supplies, as an added difficulty to the problem of getting goods of war from the United States across the Pacific, into the Bay of Bengal, up to Rangoon, north to the China border and then over 1,000 miles of mountains to Chungking, the temporary Chinese capital.

The Chinese government has asked the British to be given the right to police the part of the road which lies in British Burma, according to a reliable authority here. One of Mr. Arnstein’s chief problems was the arrangement for adequate patrolling of the winding roadway in China.

Important to America

The American government is only slightly less interested in the Burma Road than the Chinese government, which gets the bulk of its American-made war material over the road, and the United States has exercised a measure of control over the road since it opened.

Diplomatic problems have added to the problems arising out of greed and banditry in connection with the road. The Burmese government’s insistence over a long period that it should collect duties on goods landed at Rangoon for transshipment to Lashio and the Burma Road, melted only after long diplomatic conversations carried on by the United States.

The floods of the Irrawaddy River in Burma make the use of the railroad from Rangoon to Lashio almost impossible at some seasons.

The United States has further plans for improving the Burma Road service, it was learned, although details are not available here. A large American Burma Road delegation eventually will be set up to see that the reforms recently instituted are preserved.

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Employees of many departments to work on New Year Day

Army, Navy, Agriculture and others direct clerks to report for duty

Employees of half a dozen big federal agencies, including the Army, Navy, Commerce and Agriculture Departments, will work a full day on New Year and must give up their usual half-holiday on New Year’s Eve in the interest of the nation’s war effort.

This became known today as conflicting rumors spread through the vast network of federal agencies whose employees have been making holiday plans for weeks. Decisions in many cases were withheld until noon today.

The Civil Service Commission today directed all employees to report for duty on New Year and advised them they may be excused “only in cases of sickness or extreme emergency.”

The Civil Service Commission action was necessitated by the fact that other big federal departments will be working New Year and the commission must service them. The commission has 4.900 employees.

Complete or nearly complete staffs were expected at the several departments, and at the new defense agencies, including the OPM and the OEM.

Most State Department employees will have New Year off, although hundreds are expected to remain at their desks with special duties to perform.

No orders on working have been issued to Justice, Interior and Treasury Departments. This means, in all likelihood, that the departments will be closed.

All federal employees, however, will be required to work on the afternoon of New Year’s Eve, a traditional holiday period along with that of Christmas Eve.

At the Post Office Department and the Maritime Commission, it was said some employees on urgent duties would work and others would get the day off. The holiday was granted at the Federal Loan Agency.

Many issue no orders

Many agencies had received no orders on the holiday question, indicating they will have New Year’s Day off as in the past.

These included the Board of Tax Appeals, the Employees’ Compensation Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Deposit Insurance Commission, the Federal Loan Agency, the Government Printing Office, the Federal Works Agency and the Federal Security Agency.

Meanwhile, the Public Library announced that the main library at Eighth and K Streets N.W. and all branches will close at 6 p.m. tomorrow and remain closed through New Year’s Day.

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President provides for U.S. promotions

Federal employees being paid out of emergency relief funds were made eligible for promotion or transfer to positions falling under the civil service rules by terms of an executive order issued by President Roosevelt this afternoon. Such employees may acquire a competitive classified civil service status under applicable provisions of the act of November 26, 1940, the order specified.

Terms of the order apply to those who held their appointment as of last June 30.

[NormanStewart]

Assault on Axis soil pledged by Churchill

Total extirpation of enemy is goal in war, Canadians told

OTTAWA (AP) – Prime Minister Churchill, in a speech filled with confidence, told the people of Canada today the final phase of the war must be “an assault on the citadel and homeland of the guilty powers both in Europe and Asia.”

Speaking by radio from the chamber of the House of Commons of Britain’s senior dominion, the prime minister declared the final goal of the allied democratic powers was the total extirpation of “Hitler tyranny, Japanese frenzy and the Mussolini flop.”

Time and again, the crowded chamber burst into a storm of applause and cheering, especially as Mr. Churchill called a roll of the Allies, praising, one by one, the contributions to the common cause of the United States, Russia, The Netherlands, China and the Free French.

Canada’s own contribution, Mr. Churchill called “magnificent.”

Canadians in key positions

He told the Dominion its troops stood in the key positions to defend Britain and said that enemy fear of engaging them might avert a frightful battle when the “invasion season” comes again.

His speech was filled with jibes and taunts at the Axis partners which moved the crowded chamber to cheers and laughter, but most of it was a calm, confident review of the road already traveled and the road still left to travel.

Three phases remain, he said: Consolidation, in which all the Allies’ might is marshaled; liberation, when conquered territories are recovered and their people rise in revolt, and the assault on the Axis nations’ own homelands.

Crowded into the Commons chamber was a colorful gathering of senators, members of Commons, high service officers and other dignitaries eager to see and hear in person the man who leads the empire to war.

Hundreds more stood outside the peace tower on Parliament Hill in the crisp but sunshiny afternoon.

Introduced by King

Canada’s Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King, introducing Mr. Churchill, called him “the personification of Britain’s greatness.”

“That greatness was never more apparent,” Mr. King declared, “than in this time of gravest crisis in the history of the world.”

Asserting he spoke for all Canada, Mr. King declared Canadians “are unreservedly determined to maintain our stand at Britain’s side and at the side of the other nations that fight for freedom – until the day of ultimate triumph over the evil forces that now seek to dominate the world.”

Mr. Churchill’s entrance into the chamber was greeted with wild applause, and the applause was even louder when he arose to speak.

Mr. Churchill said Britons were “most grateful for all you have done in the common cause and know you are resolved” to do even more in the fight for freedom.

‘Magnificent’ contributions

“Canada is a potent magnet, drawing together those in the new world and those in the old,” he said.

Canada’s contribution to the British war effort has been “magnificent,” he asserted.

The Canadian Army in Britain, he continued, is in a “key position” to strike at any invaders of Britain.

“Their presence may help to deter such a battle on British soil,” he went on.

The prime minister said he thought it “unlikely” that the war would end without the Canadians coming to close quarters with the Germans “as their fathers did on the Somme and at Vimy Ridge.”

He referred to Hong Kong, and the British work in making it a powerful port which has been “wrested from us for a time” by the overwhelming power of the home forces of Japan.

“At Hong Kong Canadian soldiers under a brave officer whose loss we mourn have played a valuable part in gaining precious days,” he said.

Cites training areas

“Another wonderful part of Canada’s effort,” the prime minister continued, “is the part she is playing in having Australians and New Zealanders train in the Dominion.”

“This scheme will provide us in 1942 and 1943 with the highest lot of trained observers and air gunners,” he declared, adding there would be enough to man the highest production of planes.

When he remarked that he had spent the week with President Roosevelt there was new applause.

“That great man,” he began, only to be interrupted by new cheers.

Mr. Roosevelt, he said, was a man “of destiny” reserved for this climax in world affairs.

“There will be no compromise or parley. These gangs of bandits who have sought to darken the world and to stand between the peoples of the world… shall be pitched into the pit,” he said after speaking of the “Japanese frenzy, the Nazi tyranny and the Italian flop.”

“This is no time to speak of the hopes of the future… We have to win that war for our children. We have to win it by our sacrifices. We have not won it yet. The crisis is upon us. The power of the enemy is upon us.”

Kept word, he recalls

Mr. Churchill said Britain had plunged into the war unprepared because she kept her word to fight if Hitler kept his threat to invade Poland. He recalled that the war had been called “a phoney war,” then reminded his audience of the sudden release of Nazi fury against the small European countries.

The attack on Rotterdam, he said, revealed the full savagery of the Nazi air force.

Turning to speak of France, he reminded his listeners that the French government had solemnly vowed not to make a separate peace, adding that had the government gone to North Africa, Italy might have been driven out of the war and France would have held her place in the Allied councils.

“When he warned them that England would fight on alone,” Mr. Churchill said, the French generals told the government England in three weeks would have its neck “wrung like a chicken.”

“Some chicken,” he said. The crowd roared.

“Some neck,” the prime minister said gravely.

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Winant calls on Eden to hear his account of trip to Moscow

Observers hint Briton is convinced Nazis are in acute difficulties

LONDON (AP) – U.S. Ambassador John G. Winant called on Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden tonight to hear about his trip to Moscow, the results of which some sources regarded as so important that a secret session of Parliament might be called to hear them.

Some even hinted that the Foreign Secretary’s observations in Russia had led him to the conviction – which may be imparted to Parliament – that the German war machine is in acute difficulties while still facing the three severest months of the Russian winter.

Mr. Eden was expected to disclose some of his conclusions in a broadcast next Sunday night (3:15 p.m. Washington time).

Informed sources were convinced that Mr. Eden had brought home good news from his conferences with Joseph Stalin and observations behind Russia’s lines on the eastern front.

They said the two leaders’ talks were “of the frankest possible nature,” concerning the production of munitions and equipping of Russia’s reserve manpower from a potential big Allied pool.

On leaving Moscow, Mr. Eden sent Stalin a message expressing his conviction that the conversations were “of so far-reaching character that they will strengthen our common war effort and so bring nearer the day of final victory.”

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Ten men, two women indicted in New York as German spies

Two former army officers among those accused as plotters

NEW YORK (AP) – Six men and a woman, including a former German Army major now interned at Ellis Island, were named today in an indictment charging conspiracy to violate the federal espionage law.

Five others, including one woman, were named as co-conspirators. The indictment was returned to Federal Judge Henry W. Goddard.

Those named were Kurt Frederick Ludwig, Rene C. Froehlich, former private in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, stationed at Governors Island; Hans Helmut Pagel and Frederick Edward Schlosser, both of Brooklyn; Mrs. Helen Pauline Mayer, Karl Victor Mueller, a naturalized citizen and a machinist, and Paul T. Borchardt, former German Army major, a director of the German Institute of Egyptology and an instructor at the Geographic Military Seminary at Munich.

All except Mueller and Borchardt had been indicted previously as members of a spy ring of which Ludwig allegedly was the master mind. They were awaiting trial set for January 14.

Named as co-conspirators were Lucy Rita Boehmler, 18; Carl Herman Schroetter, a Miami, Fla., fishing boat captain, both of whom pleaded guilty to the first indictment; Henrich William Ernest August Hillebrecht, now residing in Germany, but who in the early 1930s was an organizer of a walking club which was a predecessor of the German-American Bund; Walter Kurt Mayer, husband of Mrs. Mayer, who left this country several months ago for Germany via Japan, and Ulrich von Der Osten, former captain in the German Military Intelligence Corps, who was killed by a taxicab in the Times Square area last spring.

The indictment also named as co-conspirators unidentified persons in Spain, Portugal, Shanghai and Argentina, as well as unnamed officers and agents of the German Reich.

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Orchestra leader weds evangelist’s daughter

NYACK, New York (AP) – Harry Salter, widely known radio orchestra leader, and Roberta Semple, daughter of Aimee Semple McPherson, West Coast evangelist, were married here today by Justice of the Peace Joseph K. Wright in his real estate office.

It was the bride’s second marriage. A previous marriage ended in divorce some years ago in California and she was given the right to resume her maiden name. It was the first marriage for Salter. They left immediately after the ceremony for New York City.

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Senator Bridges taken to Boston hospital

NASHUA, New Hampshire (AP) – Suffering a recurrence of a sacroiliacs strain which confined him to a Washington hospital recently, Sen. Bridges, R-New Hampshire, was removed to a Boston hospital today.

The senator had stopped here to visit friends while en route from Concord to Washington when his back again began to pain him severely. He was expected to remain at the Faulkner Memorial Hospital in Boston for several days.

[NormanStewart]

Martial law ordered in Singapore area; curfew may be set

Action is taken after four night raids by Japs are repulsed

SINGAPORE (AP) – Martial law was declared in the Singapore area tonight.

A semi-official statement said offenses against public safety and cases of treachery, assistance to the enemy or looting will be tried by military court. A curfew may be set by the army, the movement of all persons restricted, and highways closed.

Blazing anti-aircraft batteries and searchlights which kept the Japanese planes high were credited today with holding the effect of overnight enemy air raids on Singapore to a minimum.

A communique said four raids were made, damaging some thatched houses whose flames ignited a small gasoline dump and caused four casualties.

Rooftop observers, however, counted six separate flights over the moonlit city, but said only two sticks of bombs were dropped – one on Singapore Island, the site of Britain’s chief defense citadel in the Far East, and the other across the narrow channel on the Johore Mainland to the north.

A Tokio broadcast said Japanese Army planes made the raid, the second since the start of the war in the Pacific. It said the Singapore area was “severely raided” and that targets were military objectives on the city’s outskirts.

On every other appearance last night the Japanese bombers sailed across the Singapore sky in formations of four and nine planes each clearly highlighted by the searchlight beams and sped on their way by bursts of anti-aircraft batteries, which kept up an incessant barrage as long as the enemy planes were within range.

On the land front, a communique acknowledged that the invaders had made a strong attack against British lines in the Perak area but declared they suffered heavy losses.

Only in the Perak fighting did the British report any notable land activity. Elsewhere the situation was described as unchanged.

British forces were reported to be inflicting casualties at rates as high as 40 for 1, even while yielding fresh ground about Ipoh, a tin mining center 290 miles northwest of Singapore.

“Enemy aircraft made a further raid on Kuantan yesterday, causing no damage or casualties,” the communique also said.

A railway station occupied by a large labor force, in an area not officially identified, also was attacked by Japanese airmen, it was said, the laborers behaving “with great calmness.”

Allied aircraft were reported to have carried out a number of reconnaissances yesterday.

London dispatches said the British had withdrawn from Ipoh itself after demolishing strategic properties, manning new defense lines to the south between the mountains and the sea to escape a threatening pincer movement from the north and southwest.

The withdrawal was described by an informed British source as necessary because of the “limited resources in men and material at present at our disposal.”

Although the Japanese masses gained ground, largely by infiltration tactics, a Reuters correspondent at the front said as many as 40 were falling dead or wounded for every British casualty in hand-to-hand fighting.

Communists rally to defense

A manifesto of the Chinese Communist Party, until recently proscribed throughout Malaya, was reported by Reuters to have called on adherents to “turn each street, lane, mine, village and rubber estate into a bulwark for the defense of our land.”

In the same vein, the Sultan of the rich rubber-producing state of Negri Sembilan called on all his people to fight “to destroy the common enemy.” The battle zone still is 100 miles above Negi Sembilan’s northern frontier.

The Straits Times reported two high officers of the Chinese Army were in Singapore for talks with British officers on Allied strategy and that other military leaders from the forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek were expected shortly.

Strategic advantages conceded

Japanese activity both east and west caused concern.

Britons conceded potential strategic advantages to the Japanese in their occupation of Kuching, capital of white Rajah Sir Charles Vyner Brooke’s kingdom of Sarawak. Lying 475 miles east of Singapore, it is at a sea and air crossroads in the battle for American, British and Dutch territories bordering the China Sea.

The economic and political importance of the stroke was minimized. The Sarawak coast offers no ports of naval value except at Kuching and even there sandbanks bar all except the smallest ships.

Kuala Lumpur is raided by Japanese, Nazis report

BERLIN (Official Broadcast) (AP) – Dispatches from Tokio today reported that the Japanese air force had attacked the railway station at Kuala Lumpur, 225 miles northwest of Singapore, in Malaya and also had bombed 100 railroad cars filled with British troops.

These dispatches claimed the British air force in Malaya was so hard hit, both in loss of planes and bases that provisional bases now are being established on the north coast of the Dutch Island of Sumatra.

[NormanStewart]

President plans $50 billion yearly arms spending

U.S. aid may go to any front in world, he says
By John C. Henry

President Roosevelt plans to gear American wartime production to a 50-billion-dollar level during the next fiscal year, he told his press conference late today.

The Chief Executive’s hint of what is to come for the nation in its all-out effort to defeat the Axis came during a discussion of the 1943 budget, on which he worked today with Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau and Budget Director Harold D. Smith.

Pointing out that well over one half of the national income of Britain is currently directed to war industry requirements. Mr. Roosevelt said he is attempting to gear up the pace in this country from an estimated 27 percent effort, as of the end of the present fiscal year, to a 50 percent application of total income during the coming fiscal year.

His figures for 1943, he added, are being imposed on an estimated $100,000,000,000 national income.

Arms program increased

Earlier in his conference, the president had disclosed that a gigantic arms program, already designated as a “Victory Program” before last December 7 has twice since then been materially increased.

Mentioning no figures, the Chief Executive said he directed the first increase on the night of December 7, only a few hours after Japan had begun its undeclared war on this country. On further examination, Mr. Roosevelt said he had been pleased to find that the contemplated munitions effort was still far short of the full production capacity of the United States. Accordingly, he had ordered a new increase.

Still avoiding any specific information which might be of interest to the country’s enemies, the president said some armament lines might be increased on the production blueprints by 1,000 percent, others by less.

The whole effort, Mr. Roosevelt declared at this point, will no longer be described by such catch phrases as “Victory Program” but will henceforth be known by the more realistic term of “War Program.”

Includes all fronts

During questioning about future operation of the lease-lend program, the president emphasized that no immediate thought is being given to the repayment problem and that materials under production might be sent to any of the world’s fighting fronts. Specifically, he mentioned the Russian front, the Netherlands Indies and the Kamchatka peninsula.

The last reference brought further inquiries, and he pointed to the strategic position of this Siberian peninsula, west of Alaska and strategically north of Japan.

The president said he probably would go before Congress personally to deliver his annual message on the state of the Union, probably on Tuesday or Wednesday of next week. The budget measure, he said, will be sent to Capitol Hill on the following day.

Mr. Roosevelt said that a long list of non-wartime items is under particular study with the objective of reducing that portion of the budget. No final decisions have yet been made on this matter, he said, nor are any estimates yet available on overall budget figures.

Budget plans studied

Delaying a decision on an overall total, he explained, is the question of whether the budget should contain only the amounts of expenditures planned during the fiscal year or should contain estimated total costs for entire projects.

During the questioning the president predicted a material reorganization and refining of the civilian defense machinery in the near future. He would offer no hint of personal changes in this activity.

Asked about curtailment of production for civilian needs as the war effort steps up. the president denied that this would reach a 100 percent point, pointing out that certain essentials must continue.

Asking about the assertion of Prime Minister Churchill before the Canadian Parliament today that British and Canadian strength is being dispatched to reinforce the Dutch Indies, the president said that was perfectly true. He declined any detailed information.

The final stages of preparing the budget program were under way while congressional leaders already were giving advanced thought to unprecedented revenue needs and tax legislation to cover such requirements.

Disney has plan

For example, Rep. Disney, D-Oklahoma, member of the House Ways and Means Committee, proposed that Congress raise $11,000,000,000 in new taxes and borrowings, then make a $2,000,000,000 cut in non-defense federal expenditures.

He said he believed it would be possible to collect $4,000,000,000 front a 4 percent withholding tax, the same amount from a voluntary savings program, $2,000,000,000 from increased excess profits and $1,000,000,000 through a manufacturers excise tax.

The committee plans to start hearings January 15 on tax proposals but Mr. Disney expressed the opinion that the Treasury already should have made some proposals. “There’s been not so much as the scratch of a pen yet,” he said.

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Henderson places ceiling on prices of cigarettes

Acts after manufacturer refuses to rescind proposed increase
By the Associated Press

Price Administrator Leon Henderson today balked a proposed increase in the manufacturer’s price of Lucky Strike cigarettes by announcing a sales ceiling at the level prevailing December 26.

The American Tobacco Co. had announced Saturday that the price would be increased 57 cents, to $7.10 a thousand, Mr. Henderson claimed the increase was sought to maintain earnings at the current level in the face of higher taxes, but the company declared that increased manufacturing costs, exclusive of taxes, necessitated the rise.

Mr. Henderson’s Office of Price Administration had asked the company to rescind the increase, contending that far more exhaustive studies would have to be made to justify an increase.

Other companies manufacturing cigarettes did not boost their prices. Mr. Henderson said he was prepared to extend the scope of the price fixing order to take in jobbers and retailers if necessary to prevent an increase in the price of cigarettes to the public.

Limited data offered

Mr. Henderson, after a meeting with high officials of the tobacco company, said the company had offered only “limited data” in justification of the price increase.

George W. Hill, president of the company, later released, without comment, extracts from a text of a statement he had made at the conference.

In it he asserted that the increase notice to the trade provided for their procuring a two weeks’ supply at the old rate and therefore “there is practically that amount of time available for further investigation of the justice and fairness of the price advance, full details of which, as to the American Tobacco Co., have already been furnished to the Office of the Price Administrator.”

The statement also contended that “the entire amount of the price increase represents higher costs without additional profit.”

OPA officials contended that any price advance could be justified only on the basis of a far more exhaustive study than the tobacco company presented, “in view of the highly favorable earnings position of the company and the substantial price advance involved.”

Seeks to protect public

Mr. Henderson said his primary purpose in the forthcoming price order was “to prevent an increase in the price of cigarettes to the public.”

If wholesalers and retailers fail to cooperate in this purpose, he added, OPA will enlarge the scope of the schedule to include price maximums at the retail and wholesale levels, as well as the manufacturers’ price.

“The OPA request was reasonable,” Mr. Henderson said in a formal statement. “The corporation merely was asked to withhold the advance until proper studies could be made. It refused. Preliminary evidence indicates that the earnings of the American Tobacco Co. before taxes are near record levels and the company, partly as a result of the stimulating effect of defense expenditures, is enjoying a boomtime volume of sales.

“Under the circumstances, and considering that the Lucky Strike increase might involve advances or the part of other manufacturers. OPA is compelled to issue a schedule of maximum prices for cigarettes at or about the levels of December 26, 1941.”

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Joint views on new war board submitted by Murray and Green

Four-point plan given Secretary Perkins in two-hour conference
By the Associated Press

President Philip Murray of the CIO and President William Green of the AFL outlined to Secretary of Labor Perkins yesterday their views on how the proposed War Labor Board should function to carry out the recent pledge of workers and managers that there shall be no interruption of wartime industrial production.

Although their organizations have differed bitterly in the past, Mr. Murray and Mr. Green met together with Secretary Perkins for more than two hours and were understood to have submitted a jointly approved plan of procedure for the board.

Proposals reviewed

The proposals, among other things, called for:

• A board composed of four labor, four industry and either one or three representatives of the public.

• Disputes which have failed of agreement by collective bargaining, to be settled by conciliation, mediation or voluntary arbitration, with full use being made of the machinery of the U.S. Conciliation Service.

• Final adjustment of all issues in a dispute within 30 days.

• The board to be guided by the following principles:

(a). All workers are entitled to a wage sufficient to maintain full efficiency, good health and well-being for themselves and families.

(b). Policies established under the Labor Relations Act, the Wage Hour Act and other existing labor statutes shall not be impaired.

(c). Continuation of the normal processes of collective bargaining on wages, hours, working conditions and union security.

(d). No strikes or lockouts to be ordered during the war.

Personnel not discussed

Miss Perkins told reporters after the conference that the personnel of the board was not discussed, but that the talk concerned the size of the board, the panel system for hearing disputes, and methods of arbitration and administration.

She predicted that an executive order creating the board would be issued by President Roosevelt late this week or early next week.

The labor leaders were understood to have recommended that the board take over the duties of various government agencies now handling labor disputes, including the War Department and the Office of Production Management. Miss Perkins said the subject of duplication and how to avoid it was taken up.

A number of names have been mentioned as possible public representatives on the board, including James A. Farley, Wendell Willkie, Vice President Wallace, Chairman Thomas of the Senate Labor Committee, and William H. Davis, chairman of the National Defense Mediation Board which the War Labor Board will supersede.

Both the AFL and CIO, however, are understood to be opposed to appointment of Mr. Davis.

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Bright spots offer shaves, pick-me-ups for big eve

NEW YORK (AP) – From New York’s glittering night clubs came word today of elaborate plans to offer New Year’s Eve frolickers such choice services as free shaves and hangover cures.

The pace in these spots reaches a peak at the turn of the year and the proprietors, rubbing their hands at $20 per person tops, take no chances on unhappy customers.

Lures include a barber and full tonsorial equipment, installed in one place for the benefit of those who wish to freshen up a bit as the night wears on. Another is a “hangover bar.”

An oyster bar has ordered 100,000 oysters to toss into its famous hangover stew. One club plans to park a milk wagon outside, with an attendant handing a bottle of milk to each departing celebrant.

Three chauffeurs will be on hand outside another spot to lend assistance to motoring guests.