Othman: Pink panties
By Fred Othman
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Railroading tomorrow –
Rail luxury is answer to airline speed
By Charles T. Lucey, Scripps-Howard staff writer
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Gracie Allen Reporting
By Gracie Allen
HOLLYWOOD – Nowadays, with the nations of the world settling their differences at the conference table I don’t see why California and Florida can’t do the same and make a gentleman’s agreement. Goodness, it shouldn’t be any more difficult than the lion and the lamb lying down together although I’ve always wondered if the lamb was inside or outside the lion at the time.
For instance, I notice that Florida admits the mosquitos are pretty heavy there now. Ordinarily Californians would make a sarcastic remark but under the new gentleman’s agreement they couldn’t take advantage like that. They’d have to be polite and report that a Laguna Beach farmer had caught 140 skunks in one week in his corn patch. More gentlemanly, isn’t it?
And if the Golden State had any mosquitos its inhabitants would admit that too, but you never find them in California.
Interested only in future –
Another mighty atom, Arcaro, concedes he doesn’t know results
By Dan Daniel
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Europe after the war!
Naples still beautiful city despite heavy scars of war
Many landmarks reduced to rubble, but city is returning to normal
By Henry Ward
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AGREEMENT BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS FOR THE PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE MAJOR WAR CRIMINALS OF THE EUROPEAN AXIS
WHEREAS the United Nations have from time to time made declarations of their intention that war criminals shall be brought to justice;
AND WHEREAS the Moscow Declaration of the 30th October 1943 on German atrocities in occupied Europe stated that those German officers and men and members of the Nazi party who have been responsible for or have taken a consenting part in atrocities and crimes will be sent back to the countries in which their abominable deeds were done in order that they may be judged and punished according to the laws of these liberated countries and of the free governments that will be created therein;
AND WHEREAS this declaration was stated to be without prejudice to the case of major criminals whose offenses have no particular geographic location and who will be punished by the joint decision of the Governments of the Allies;
NOW, THEREFORE, the Government of the United States of America, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (hereinafter called “the signatories”) acting in the interests of all the United Nations and by their representatives duly authorized thereto have concluded this agreement.
ARTICLE 1. There shall be established, after consultation with the Control Council for Germany, an International Military Tribunal for the trial of war criminals whose offenses have no particular geographical location, whether they be accused individually or in their capacity as members of organizations or groups or in both capacities.
ARTICLE 2. The constitution, jurisdiction, and functions of the International Military Tribunal shall be those set out in the charter annexed to this agreement, which Charter shall form an integral part of this agreement.
ARTICLE 3. Each of the signatories shall take the necessary steps to make available for the investigation of the charges and trial the major war criminals detained by them who are to be tried by the International Military Tribunal. The signatories shall also use their best endeavors to make available for investigation of the charges against, and the trial before the International Military Tribunal, such of the major war criminals as are not in the territories of any of the signatories.
ARTICLE 4. Nothing in this agreement shall prejudice the provisions established by the Moscow Declaration concerning the return of war criminals to the countries where they committed their crimes.
ARTICLE 5. Any Government of the United Nations may adhere to this agreement by notice given through the diplomatic channel to the Government of the United Kingdom, who shall inform the other signatory and adhering Governments of each such adherence.
ARTICLE 6. Nothing in this agreement shall prejudice the jurisdiction or the powers of any national or occupation court established or to be established in any Allied territory or in Germany for the trial of war criminals.
ARTICLE 7. This agreement shall come into force on the day of signature and shall remain in force for the period of one year and shall continue thereafter, subject to the right of any signatory to give, through the diplomatic channel, one month’s notice of intention to terminate it. Such termination shall not prejudice any proceedings already taken or any findings already made in pursuance of this agreement.
In witness whereof the undersigned have signed the present agreement.
Done in quadruplicate in London this eighth day of August, 1945, each in English, French, and Russian and each text to have equal authenticity.
For the Government of the United States of America
ROBERT H. JACKSON
For the Provisional Government of the French Republic
ROBERT FOECO
For the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
JOWITT
For the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
I. T. NIKITCHENKO
A. N. TRAININ
Charter of the International Military Tribunal
I. CONSTITUTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL
ARTICLE 1. In pursuance of the agreement signed on the eighth day of August, 1945, by the Government of the United States of America, the Provisional Government of the French Republic, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, there shall be established an International Military Tribunal (hereinafter called “the Tribunal”) for the just and prompt trial and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis.
ARTICLE 2. The Tribunal shall consist of four members, each with an alternate. One member and one alternate shall be appointed by each of the signatories. The alternates shall, so far as they are able, be present at all sessions of the Tribunal. In case of illness of any member of the Tribunal or his incapacity for some other reason to fulfill his functions, his alternate shall take his place.
ARTICLE 3. Neither the Tribunal, its members, nor their alternates can be challenged by the prosecution or by the defendants or their counsel. Each signatory may replace its member of the Tribunal or his alternate for reasons of health or for other good reasons, except that no replacement may take place during a trial other than by an alternate.
ARTICLE 4.
(a) The presence of all four members of the Tribunal, or the alternate for any absent member, shall be necessary to constitute the quorum.
(b) The members of the Tribunal shall, before any trial begins, agree among themselves upon the selection from their number of a President, and the President shall hold office during that trial or as may otherwise be agreed by a vote of not less than three members. The principle of rotation of presidency for successive trials is agreed. If, however, a session of the Tribunal takes place on the territory of one of the four signatories, the representative of that signatory on the Tribunal shall preside.
(c) Save as aforesaid the Tribunal shall take decisions by a majority vote, and in case the votes are evenly divided the vote of the President shall be decisive, provided always that convictions and sentences shall only be imposed by affirmative votes of at least three members of the Tribunal.
ARTICLE 5. In case of need and depending on the number of the matters to be tried, other tribunals may be set up, and the establishment, functions and procedure of each tribunal shall be identical and shall be governed by this Charter.
II. JURISDICTION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES
ARTICLE 6. The Tribunal established by the agreement referred to in article 1 hereof for the trial and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries shall have the power to try and punish persons who, acting in the interests of the European Axis countries, whether as individuals or as members of organizations committed any of the following crimes.
The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for which there shall be individual responsibility:
(a) Crimes against peace. Namely, planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements, or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing.
(b) War Crimes. Namely, violations of the laws or customs of war. Such violations shall include, but not be limited to, murder, ill treatment, or deportation to slave labor or for any other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill treatment of prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity.
(c) Crimes against humanity. Namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population before or during the war or persecutions on political, racial, or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated,
Leaders, organizers, instigators, and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan.
ARTICLE 7. The official position of defendants, whether as heads of state or responsible officials in government departments, shall not be considered as freeing them from responsibility or mitigating punishment.
ARTICLE 8. The fact that the defendant acted pursuant to order of his government or of a superior shall not free him from responsibility but may be considered in mitigation of punishment if the Tribunal determines that justice so requires.
ARTICLE 9. At the trial of any individual member of any group or organization the Tribunal may declare (in connection with any act of which the individual may be convicted) that the group or organization of which the individual was a member was a criminal organization.
After receipt of the indictment the Tribunal shall give such notice as it thinks fit that the prosecution intends to ask the Tribunal to make such declaration and any member of the organization will be entitled to apply to the Tribunal for leave to be heard by the Tribunal upon the question of the criminal character of the organization. The Tribunal shall have power to allow or reject the application. If the application is allowed, the Tribunal may direct in what manner the applicants shall be represented and heard.
ARTICLE 10. In cases where a group or organization is declared criminal by the Tribunal, the competent national authority of any signatory shall have the right to bring individuals to trial for membership therein before national, military, or occupation courts. In any such case the criminal nature of the group or organization is considered proved and shall not be questioned.
ARTICLE 11. Any person convicted by the Tribunal may be charged before a national, military, or occupation court, referred to in article 10 of this Charter, with a crime other than of membership in a criminal group or organization, and such court may after convicting him impose upon him punishment independent of and additional to the punishment imposed by the Tribunal for participation in the criminal activities of such group or organization.
ARTICLE 12. The Tribunal shall have the right to take proceedings against a person charged with crimes set out in article 6 of this Charter in his absence if he has not been found or if the Tribunal for any reason finds it necessary in the interests of justice to conduct the hearing in his absence.
ARTICLE 13. The Tribunal shall draw up rules for its procedure. These rules shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Charter.
III. COMMITTEE FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND PROSECUTION OF MAJOR WAR CRIMINALS
ARTICLE 14. Each signatory shall appoint a chief prosecutor for the investigation of the charges against and the prosecution of major war criminals.
The chief prosecutors shall act as a committee for the following purposes:
(a) To agree upon a plan of the individual work of each of the chief prosecutors and his staff.
(b) To settle the final designation of major war criminals to be tried by the Tribunal.
(c) To approve the indictment and the documents to be submitted therewith.
(d) To lodge the indictment and the accompanying documents with the Tribunal.
(e) To draw up and recommend to the Tribunal for its approval draft rules of procedure contemplated by article 13 of this Charter. The Tribunal shall have power to accept with or without amendments or to reject the rules so recommended.
The committee shall act in all the above matters by a majority vote and shall appoint a chairman as may be convenient and in accordance with the principle of rotation, provided that, if there is an equal division of vote concerning the designation of a defendant to be tried by the Tribunal or the crimes with which he shall be charged, that proposal will be adopted which was made by the party which proposed that the particular defendant be tried or the particular charges be preferred against him.
ARTICLE 15. The chief prosecutors shall individually, and acting in collaboration with one another, also undertake the following duties:
(a) Investigation, collection, and production before or at the trial of all necessary evidence.
(b) The preparation of the indictment for approval by the committee in accordance with paragraph (c) of article 14 hereof,
(c) The preliminary examination of all necessary witnesses and of the defendants.
(d) To act as prosecutor at the trial.
(e) To appoint representatives to carry out such duties as may be assigned to them.
(f) To undertake such other matters as may appear necessary to them for the purposes of the preparation for and conduct of the trial.
It is understood that no witness or defendant detained by any signatory shall be taken out of the possession of that signatory without its assent.
IV. FAIR TRIAL FOR DEFENDANTS
ARTICLE 16. In order to insure fair trial for the defendants the following procedure shall be followed:
(a) The indictment shall include full particulars specifying in detail the charges against the defendants. A copy of the indictment and of all the documents lodged with the indictment, translated into a language which he understands, shall be furnished to the defendant at a reasonable time before the trial.
(b) During any preliminary examination or trial of a defendant he shall have the right to give any explanation relevant to the charges made against him.
(c) A preliminary examination of a defendant and his trial shall be conducted in or translated into a language which the defendant understands.
(d) A defendant shall have the right to conduct his own defense before the Tribunal or to have the assistance of counsel.
(e) A defendant shall have the right through himself or through his counsel to present evidence at the trial in support of his defense and to cross-examine any witness called by the prosecution.
V. POWERS OF THE TRIBUNAL AND CONDUCT OF THE TRIAL
ARTICLE 17. The Tribunal shall have the power:
(a) To summon witnesses to the trial and to require their attendance and testimony and to put questions to them.
(b) To interrogate any defendant.
(c) To require the production of documents and other evidentiary material.
(d) To administer oaths to witnesses.
(e) To appoint officers for the carrying out of any task designated by the Tribunal, including the power to have evidence taken on commission.
ARTICLE 18. The Tribunal shall:
(a) Confine the trial strictly to an expeditious hearing of the issues raised by the charges.
(b) Take strict measures to prevent any action which will cause unreasonable delay and rule out irrelevant issues and statements of any kind whatsoever.
(c) Deal summarily with any contumacy, imposing appropriate punishment, including exclusion of any defendant or his counsel from some or all further proceedings but without prejudice to the determination of the charges.
ARTICLE 19. The Tribunal shall not be bound by technical rules of evidence. It shall adopt and apply to the greatest possible extent expeditious and non-technical procedure and shall admit any evidence which it deems to have probative value.
ARTICLE 20. The Tribunal may require to be informed of the nature of any evidence before it is offered so that it may rule upon the relevance thereof.
ARTICLE 21. The Tribunal shall not require proof of facts of common knowledge but shall take judicial notice thereof. It shall also take judicial notice of official governmental documents and reports of the United Nations, including the acts and documents of the committees set up in the various Allied countries for the investigation of war crimes, and the records and findings of military or other tribunals of any of the United Nations.
ARTICLE 22. The permanent seat of the Tribunal shall be Berlin. The first meetings of the members of the Tribunal and of the Chief Prosecutor shall be held at Berlin in a place to be designated by the Control Council for Germany. The first trial shall be held at Nuremberg and any subsequent trials shall be held at such places as the Tribunal may decide.
ARTICLE 23. One or more of the chief prosecutors may take part in the prosecution at each trial. The function of any chief prosecutor may be discharged by him personally or by any person or persons authorized by him.
The function of counsel for a defendant may be discharged at the defendant’s request by any counsel professionally qualified to conduct cases before the courts of his own country or by any other person who may be specially authorized thereto by the Tribunal.
ARTICLE 24. The proceedings at the trial shall take the following course:
(a) The indictment shall be read in court.
(b) The Tribunal shall ask each defendant whether he pleads “guilty” or “not guilty.”
(c) The prosecution shall make an opening statement.
(d) The Tribunal shall ask the prosecution and the defense what evidence (if any) they wish to submit to the Tribunal, and the Tribunal shall rule upon the admissibility of any such evidence.
(e) The witnesses for the prosecution shall be examined and after that the witnesses for the defense. Thereafter such rebutting evidence as may be held by the Tribunal to be admissible shall be called by either the prosecution or the defense.
(f) The Tribunal may put any question to any witness and to any defendant at any time.
(g) The prosecution and the defense shall interrogate and may cross-examine any witnesses and any defendant who gives testimony.
(h) The defense shall address the court.
(i) The prosecution shall address the court.
(j) Each defendant may make a statement to the Tribunal.
(k) The Tribunal shall deliver judgment and pronounce sentence.
ARTICLE 25. All official documents shall be produced, and all court proceedings conducted, in English, French, and Russian and in the language of the defendant. So much of the record and of the proceedings may also be translated into the language of any country in which the Tribunal is sitting as the Tribunal considers desirable in the interests of justice and public opinion.
VI. JUDGMENT AND SENTENCE
ARTICLE 26. The judgment of the Tribunal as to the guilt or the innocence of any defendant shall give the reasons on which it is based and shall be final and not subject to review.
ARTICLE 27. The Tribunal shall have the right to impose upon a defendant, on conviction, death, or such other punishment as shall be determined by it to be just.
ARTICLE 28. In addition to any punishment imposed by it the Tribunal shall have the right to deprive the convicted person of any stolen property and order its delivery to the Control Council for Germany.
ARTICLE 29. In case of guilt, sentences shall be carried out in accordance with the orders of the Control Council for Germany, which may at any time reduce or otherwise alter the sentences but may not increase the severity thereof. If the Control Council for Germany, after any defendant has been convicted and sentenced, discovers fresh evidence which in its opinion would found a fresh charge against him, the Council shall report accordingly to the Committee established under article 14 hereof for such action as they may consider proper, having regard to the interests of justice.
VII. EXPENSES
ARTICLE 30. The expenses of the Tribunal and of the trials shall be charged by the signatories against the funds allotted for maintenance of the Control Council for Germany.
U.S. State Department (August 9, 1945)
740.00116 PW/8-445: Telegram
The Secretary of State to the Ambassador in China
Washington, August 8, 1945 — 8 p.m.
1225
Your 1284, Aug. 4. We would regard raising of question at this juncture in Sub-Commission as unfortunate and we desire that you exert every effort as discreetly as possible to prevent it. If nevertheless question is raised in Sub-Commission inform Dept. and instructions in matter will be sent.
BYRNES
The Syonan Shimbun (August 9, 1945)
New democracy of Soviet Union replacing old democracy of West
Yomiuri-Hochi reflects on world upheaval
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Foe ships sunk
A CERTAIN ADVANCED BASE IN THE PACIFIC (Domei, Aug. 8) – Our submarine flotilla which caught up with a group of enemy surface craft in Central Pacific waters before the dawn of August 4, attacked the enemy fiercely, and sank two of them.
Superforts downed
TOKYO (Domei) – A lone enemy Superfort was shot down over Maroran in Hokkaido yesterday morning. In the afternoon two more Superforts were shot down and ten others heavily damaged by our interception units during an enemy attack on Kanto district.