The Wilmington Morning Star (May 17, 1946)
Tojo loses last escape loophole
Tribunal dismisses all defense motions on jurisdiction points
TOKYO (AP) – The legal fight by ex-Premier Hideki Tojo and 27 other former leaders of Japan to escape trial as accused war criminals failed completely Thursday.
In a five-minute session, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East dismissed all defense motions attacking jurisdiction of the court and seeking dismissal of the indictment accusing prisoners of promoting war.
Chief Justice Sir William Webb announced that “all motions are dismissed for reasons to be discussed later,” then adjourned proceedings. The trial is scheduled to start June 3.
It was reported that Dr. Shumei Okawa, who slapped Tojo on the head at an earlier session, had been found to be suffering from brain disease and that former Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka was “dangerously ill.” Both have been absent from the courtroom for medical examination. They may not be tried.
The Evening Star (May 17, 1946)
Tokyo court refuses to quash indictment of Tojo and aides
TOKYO (AP) – Laying down a new concept of international law, the 11-nation International Military Tribunal ruled today that Hideki Tojo and 27 other Japanese must face trial as accused war criminals.
Specifically, the court dismissed all defense motions, which asked that the indictment against them be quashed and argued that the tribunal had no authority to try Japan’s war-fostering former leaders.
Chief Justice Sir William Webb gave no reasons for the dismissal in a brief court session. He said they would be discussed in court later but specified no date. The trial is scheduled June 3.
By the ruling, the tribunal upheld its right to try the 28 on charges of mass murder and of inciting war. It also denied defense assertions that the accused were not liable to prosecution for activities predating the outbreak of war or for any violations of international law other than conventional war crimes.
The tribunal in effect also held with the prosecution that those responsible for starting “ruthless and unjustified wars threatening the existence of civilization” are not immune from prosecution under international law.
The Evening Star (May 18, 1946)
Three D.C. lawyers join Japs’ defense
TOKYO (AP) – Fourteen attorneys from the United States arrived today to join 10 other American lawyers assigned to represent Hideki Tojo and 27 other top Japanese defendants at war crimes trials.
Navy Capt. Beverly M. Coleman, chief of defense counsel, said ultimately each of the 28 defendants would be represented by an American attorney in addition to Japanese lawyers of their own choosing.
The new arrivals include Owen Cunningham, David F. Smith and John W. Guider, all of Washington.
The Evening Star (May 26, 1946)
G.U. professor named consultant in Tokyo war crime trials
Prof. Fred K. Nielsen of the Georgetown University School of Law, former diplomat and an authority on international law, is en route to Tokyo to serve as a special consultant to the international military tribunal at the trials of Japanese war criminals.
Announcement of his appointment as consultant on international laws was made by the War Crimes Branch of the War Department after his departure from Washington on Thursday. The tribunal is now trying the major 28 Japanese defendants, including former Premier Tojo, who were indicted on April 27.
At Georgetown Law School, where Dr. Nielsen has taught international law since 1924, it was said he had been given leave of absence from the faculty for the duration of the trials, which may require from three to six months.
Widely known for his participation in a dozen or more international conferences as a special representative of the government, Dr. Nielsen first came into prominence as solicitor of the State Department under former Secretaries Bainbridge Colby and Charles E. Hughes. His earlier years of teaching were confined to the Georgetown undergraduate department but he added graduate work in international law after the death of Dr. James Brown Scott.
Dr. Nielsen had served as counsel and United States delegate in the arbitration of claims involving Great Britain, The Netherlands, Mexico, Egypt and Turkey. He was also an American representative at various international conferences. Chief among these were the Peace Conference at Paris in 1919, the Washington Conference on Limitation of Naval Armaments in 1921-22 and the London Economic and Financial Conference of 1933.
A graduate of Nebraska University in law, Dr. Nielsen came to Washington in the early 1900s and first became associated with Georgetown as coach of its football team. He earned a master’s degree in law at the university and was made an honorary doctor of laws.
Another prominent member of the Georgetown faculty absent on extended leave at the war crime trials in Nuernberg, Germany, is the Rev. Edmund A. Walsh, S. J., vice president, and regent of the Foreign Service School.
The Evening Star (May 27, 1946)
Kurusu to take stand against Tojo at trial
TOKYO (AP) – Saburo Kurusu, who talked in Washington of peace while Japan’s carrier fleet moved in to attack Pearl Harbor, will be a witness against Hideki Tojo, wartime premier, and other top Japanese war crimes defendants, chief prosecutor Joseph B. Keenan said today.
Mr. Keenan added, however, that “I am not aware of” any startling new evidence or documents that Kurusu might introduce in the trials, beginning June 3. Kurusu has denied repeatedly that he knew anything of the closely-guarded plans for Japan’s surprise attack.
Wiener Kurier (June 1, 1946)
Japans Kriegsverbrecherprozeß beginnt
Tokio (AND) - Montag beginnt in Tokio der Prozeß gegen die japanischen Kriegsverbrecher. Wie Associated Press berichtet, werden sich der frühere Ministerpräsident Hideki Tojo, drei weitere frühere Ministerpräsidenten, ein Feldmarschall, drei Admirale, ein Dutzend Generale und ein früherer enger Berater Kaiser Hirohitos sowie verschiedene Exminister und andere hohe Beamte vor einem internationalen Gerichtshof zur Aburteilung von Kriegsverbrechen zu verantworten haben.
Als Vorsitzender des Gerichtshofes wurde der Oberste Richter des Appellationsgerichtshofes in Queensland (Australien), Sir William F. Webb, bestimmt.
In der Anklage werden den Kriegsverbrechern drei Arten von begangenen Delikten vorgeworfen: Solche gegen den Frieden, die allgemein als Verbrechen betrachteten Verstoße gegen das Kriegsrecht und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit.
Der Prozeß wird im Gebäude des früheren japanischen Kriegsministeriums stattfinden, in dem einst Tojo und seine Helfershelfer den Fortgang des Krieges zu bestimmen versuchte.
Die 28 Angeklagten werden am 29. April formell als Mitglieder einer „verbrecherischen militaristischen Gruppe“ angeklagt und beschuldigt, seit 1928 eine Verschwörung gegen den Frieden beschlossen und Japan dem Achsenkomplott zu r Erringung der Weltherrschaft dienstbar gemacht zu haben. Alle Angeklagten erklärten sich als nicht schuldig und lehnten die Zuständigkeit dieses Gerichtshofes ab.
The Evening Star (June 1, 1946)
Dr. Brown of C.U. named Keenan advisor in Tokyo
Dr. Brendan F. Brown of the Catholic University School of Law, the War Department announced yesterday has been named an international law advisor to the International Military Tribunal in Tokyo. He will serve as an advisor to Joseph B. Keenan, chief counsel at the trial of Japanese war criminals.
A graduate of Creighton University in law, he also holds degrees of master of law, bachelor of jurisprudence and doctor of jurisprudence from Catholic University. Before the war, he studied in Rome, Paris and Berlin and received doctorate in philosophy from Oxford University. He continued in law at Harvard in 1937 and 1938.
Dr. Brown joined Catholic University faculty in 1926 and became a full professor this year.
The Sunday Star (June 2, 1946)
26 Japs go to trial tomorrow on charges of war conspiracy
TOKYO (AP) – Twenty-six of the men who led Japan in her losing gamble to create a mighty empire through intrigue and aggression are scheduled to go on trial before their victorious enemies tomorrow in a proceeding frankly described as a dramatic show destined for a “run” of six to nine months.
The prosecutors, representing 11 Allied nations, plan to place on the record for the world the whole story of Japan since 1928 and of the parts played by the 26 accused of having conspired to plant their rising sun standard on the soil of other nations.
The detailed evidence will track back through Korea, Manchuria, and China, the Philippines, the East Indies, New Guinea, Burma, Malaya, and the hot little islands of the Pacific.
Questions before tribunal
The top defendant is Hideki Tojo, the Pearl Harbor-time premier who attempted suicide when his country surrendered but whose life was saved by American surgery for the courtroom spectacle opening tomorrow.
The questions before the military tribunal will be:
- To what extent did these men contribute to Japan’s aggression?
- Are they responsible for the pillage of Nanking?
- For the slaughter of civilians at Canton and Hankow?
- The pillage of the Philippines?
- The sneak attack on Pearl Harbor?
- Were the parts they played crimes?
The prosecutor will contend that the accused politicians and militarists violated international law and that, as a new concept, leaders of a nation are responsible for its aggressions.
“Any nation or group of nations,” said a British prosecutor at the arraignment, “has an inherent right to bring war criminals to justice whenever and wherever they have an opportunity to do so.”
Will attack jurisdiction
The defense already has unsuccessfully challenged the right of the tribunal to prosecute the defendants for “crimes against peace” and “crimes against humanity” – which do not appear in any law books as such.
The defense will try again to win freedom for the 26 by pleading that the tribunal lacks jurisdiction to try them and that there is no precedent in international law for such a trial.
The justices represent 11 nations that fought and defeated Japan, but mostly, it will be an American show.
The Charter laid down by Gen. MacArthur is rooted in American procedure, with more flexible rules of evidence than an ordinary court.
Americans aid defendants
The chief prosecutor is a Rhode Island-born former American racket buster, Joseph B. Keenan, former assistant to the attorney general. His American staff outnumbers the other Allied representation. Each of the defendants has been supplied with an American attorney in addition to Japanese counsel.
But the trial itself will deal with alleged offenses against all the participating nations, going back to Japanese intrigue in Manchuria in 1928.
One American attorney said it would have “to go like lightning” to end before Christmas, and other predictions range up to nine months.
When it is finally over, the men who once ruled an empire will rise to hear the verdict of the Allied victors; and in a mountain of transcripts will be a long story of what Japan did and what happened to her in the 18 years that ended in her utter capitulation last September.
The Evening Star (June 3, 1946)
U.S. attorneys defending Japs call trial unfair, decide to quit
Capt. Coleman slightly hurt by glass when Japanese throws rock at his car
TOKYO (AP) – Informed sources reported today that the chief of the war crimes defense section, Naval Capt. Beverly M. Coleman of Washington, and six associates have decided to resign because of their dissatisfaction with the conduct of the trial of ex-Premier Tojo and 25 other Japanese they were appointed to defend.
Another source also disclosed that Capt. Coleman was scratched by glass splinters Saturday when an unidentified Japanese threw a rock at the windshield of his sedan near the guarded gates of the War Ministry Building, site of the war crimes trial. No explanation for the attack was given.
A court attache, who asked that his name not be disclosed, said the American defense staff – mostly civilians – felt the trial to date had not been conducted with “fairness.” In today’s opening of the trial the defense protested that it had insufficient time to prepare its case and needed from two weeks to three months to prepare adequately the defense of the various defendants. The court granted a 10-day extension.
The court, meeting in a glare of floodlights in the War Ministry Building, will be reconvened at 9:30 a.m. tomorrow (7:30 o’clock tonight EST) to hear the prosecution’s opening statement.
Chief Prosecutor Joseph B. Keenan will deliver a 15,000-word condemnation of Tojo and the other defendants. The presentation probably will last at least five hours.
Mr. Keenan, who has been in Japan six months, will take advantage of the 10-day recess by requesting permission to make a hurried trip to the United States to take care of personal affairs. His aides, meanwhile, would begin the presentation of evidence. He has not informed Gen. MacArthur of his desire, but the Allied commander was expected to approve his trip.
Tomorrow, the 10 black-robed Allied justices also may announce their decision on two other defense motions heard in today’s long session: Whether to dismiss the cases against two additional defendants absent because of illness, and whether to accept as facts certain historic events around which part of the prosecution’s case is to be built.
In telling the tribunal that Japanese and newly arrived American counsel needed two weeks to three months to prepare adequately for the trial, Capt. Coleman noted that the prosecution has had six months “and hundreds of assistants, investigators and experts.”
The court studied the plea for some time before allowing 10 days.
It dismissed quickly and bluntly, however, the defense motion to dismiss charges against the defendants. Chief Justice Sir William Webb brushed aside a prosecution reply with the comment “We do not care to hear from you, Mr. Chief Prosecutor,” and immediately announced the rejection of the motion.
It evidently was the last chance of the prisoners to escape trial, court officials observed; the court earlier had rejected defense challenges of the tribunal’s jurisdiction and of the legal scope of the indictments.
Defense Attorney Maj. Ben Blakeney of Oklahoma City also was cut short by the chief justice when he urged the court to give reasons in its findings of facts throughout the cases. Justice Webb snapped: “We must be trusted” to be fair; and he added, “This motion is almost contemptuous.”
A decision will be announced “later,” the chief justice said, on a plea to drop charges against Former Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka and Propaganda Leader Shumei Okawa, absent today because of physical and mental illness, respectively.
Several defense attorneys in private conversations have expressed disagreement with what they called loose rules of evidence, which they said disregarded the Anglo-Saxon tradition to provide legal safeguards to a defendant.
The defense also has objected to the tribunal’s order preventing immediate translation into Japanese of all phases of the proceedings. A newly arrived American defense counsel said he was astounded to learn that one document presented to the court 10 days before had not been translated into Japanese.
Capt. Coleman, who was named chief of the defense counsel several months ago, said “no comment” to questions about reports of the impending resignations and about the attack on himself.
The Evening Star (June 4, 1946)
Keenan brands Tojo and aides ‘assassins’ in opening of trial
TOKYO (AP) – War-starting Hideki Tojo and 25 other deposed Japanese militarists today were branded “assassins” who ruled the “most treacherous and perfidious nation” of all time and who sought to dominate the world.
Chief Prosecutor Joseph B. Keenan made the charges in a 15,000-word opening statement at their war crimes trial before a 10-judge international military tribunal.
Mr. Keenan said that ever since 1904, when Japan sprang a surprise attack on Russia at Port Arthur, the entire world realized such action “is intolerable.”
The American prosecutor described the defendants as “common felons who deserve and will receive the punishment for ages meted out in every land to murderers, brigands, pirates and plunderers.”
Defendants listen intently
He said Pearl Harbor, Hong Kong and Mukden “are all part of one grand pattern, and the vice of it consisted in the exhibition of utter contempt for the lives of blameless and helpless individuals all over the world.”
Tojo and the other defendants, sitting in the brightly lighted prisoners’ dock, listened intently through headphones to a translation of Mr. Keenan’s charges.
Mr. Keenan, noted for flights of oratory, delivered the entire 15,000-word statement in quiet tones. After he finished, court recessed until June 13, to permit defense counsel more time to prepare its case.
He said he would prove Japanese air attacks on the United States and British gunboats Panay and Ladybird, were “evidence of wanton, reckless disregard for life and property and a demonstration to the Chinese people of the power and efficacy of Japanese arms.”
He indicated a prosecution plan to place individual blame when he said that during hostilities murder was so widespread that it must be assumed that orders for the killing came from high circles.
He said further: “It is our contention that the taking of a single life intentionally and without the sanction of law constitutes murder.”
Would repeat aggression
Tojo and his co-defendants are not penitent and “if set free they would repeat their aggression.”
The trials are “a battle of civilization to preserve the entire world from destruction.”
‘‘Deliberate planned efforts of these individuals” brought about the Pacific war.
The tribunal’s secretariat announced that the court soon would be increased to its full 11 members with the arrival of the Hon. Delfin Jaranilla, the Philippines’ representative.
As Tojo busily took notes, Mr. Keenan outlined one major premise of the Allied case: That a war of aggression is a crime under international law.
“For the first time in history,” he added, “a military tribunal sitting in Nuernberg and this military tribunal for the Far East are being asked by civilized nations… to recognize” that aggression “is and has been” criminal.
Two to be tried later
The accused men, Mr. Keenan continued, “ordered and condoned” unlawful slaughter of a million persons.
Two additional defendants, now ill, will be tried later. The court refused to dismiss charges against ailing former Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka and Shumei Okawa.
Mr. Keenan said the prisoners have taken the view that there is no court with authority to try them, but:
“We shall contend that it never was compatible with justice or law to initiate murders. We shall contend that it is no less an offense to plan and initiate destruction of lives of a million people than to initiate murder of a single individual.
“We shall further contend that taking oath to support the laws of a nation (Japan) does not create immunity from punishment.”
The Daily Alaska Empire (June 4, 1946)
Editorial: A fair trial even for enemies
(St. Louis Star-Times)
Twenty-eight high Japanese officials – military and civil – were arraigned recently before an international court on 55 specific war crimes charges. The accusations run all the way from obvious crimes as murder to the novel offense of spreading “harmful ideas of alleged racial superiority.”
There can be no question about the desirability of fixing clear and punishable responsibility for war crimes. Indeed. such conviction may prove to be the strongest of all deterrents to those who may in the future be tempted to flagellate the world in yet another orgy of slaughter. However, in view of the fact that Nuernberg proceedings have so bogged down that observers are beginning to wonder whether they can possibly accomplish their purpose of convincing the German people of the guilt of their leaders and of establishing a sound basis for a new field of international law, it becomes incumbent upon those in charge of the Japanese proceedings to move with prudence as well as freedom.
As a first step they might well read again the dissents of Mr. Justice Rutledge and Mr. Justice Murphy in the appeals of Gens. Yamashita and Homma. These pointed out how war trials must not be conducted.
The cases against Japanese leaders should not be pushed in a spirit of vengeance. Since they have been declared to be legal proceedings, they must be conducted with full respect for the sanctity of the law – especially as this is understood by Englishmen and Americans. Emphasis ought to be on acts clearly recognized as criminal before they were committed. Proof should be convincing beyond doubt. And the defense should be given all necessary time and facilities to present its case. Especially should it have the opportunity for cross-examination.
Such respect for the rights of the accused does not betoken a desire to help them escape justice. On the contrary, it is necessary to convince all the world that full justice is being done.
Nippon Times (June 5, 1946)
Keenan fires opening broadside in fight to convict war leaders
Delivers 15,000-word summary of Allied war crimes case; Tojo, others termed ‘felons’
“We are waging a part of the determined battle of civilization to preserve the entire world from destruction,” declared Chief Prosecutor Joseph B. Keenan as he officially launched the battle to prosecute the 28 Japanese leaders now on dock for “crimes against peace and humanity,” on Tuesday morning.
“This threat of destruction,” Keenan declared, “comes not from the forces of nature, but from the deliberate planned efforts of individuals… who seem willing to bring the world to a premature end in their mad ambition for domination.”
“They declared war upon civilization,” the Chief Prosecutor charged.
Keenan asked, “Is civilization… compelled to stand idly by and permit these outrages without an attempt to deter such efforts?” The purpose of the prosecution, he explained, is one of “prevention or deterrence” of future wars and that it has nothing to do with objects of vengeance or retaliation.
He declared that it is their specific purpose in the trials to confirm that “such individuals of a nation who, either in official positions or otherwise, plan aggressive warfare, especially in contravention of sound treaties, assurances and agreements of their nations to the contrary, are common felons…”
In his 56-page address, Keenan declared that the prosecution shall contend that “it never was compatible with justice or law to initiate murders,” that the “describing of wars… as ‘incidents’ of ‘episodes’” does not create immunity from punishment, that evidence will show breaches of valid laws and obligations of the nation of Japan by these individuals so accused, who controlled their government or influenced its action, and that the defendants “well knew that the wars which they were planning… preparing… initiated and waged could result in nothing else than wholesale destruction of human lives.”
Keenan claimed that a “war of aggression” is a crime under international law. He drew upon definitions from learned experts of international law to show that the “question of aggressive war has been considered by so many nations and deliberately outlawed by them that their unanimous verdict rises to the dignity of a general principle of international law.”
Keenan argued that the war itself was illegal because Japan broke treaties to wage it and therefore every Allied soldier killed during the war was the victim of murder.
He contended that the positions held by the accused is no bar to their being considered as ordinary criminals and felons. “All governments are operated by human agents, and all crimes are committed by human beings,” Keenan argued “A mans official position cannot rob him of his identity as an individual nor relieve him from responsibility for his individual offenses.”
“The personal liability of these high ranking civil officials is one of the most important, and perhaps the only new question under international law, to be presented to this Tribunal.”
The indictment charges the 28 defendants “participated in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to wage declared or undeclared war or wars of aggression and war or wars in violation of international law, treaties, agreements and assurances against any country or countries which might oppose them, with the object of securing military, naval, political and economic domination of East Asia and of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and all countries bordering thereon ang islands therein and ultimately the domination of the world.”
There are two issues involved, Keenan pointed out: “(1) the fact of conspiracy, and (2) who were parties to it.”
Kennan described at length the conspiracy of Japanese leaders dating back to the actions in China and Manchuria and the pact with Germany and Italy.
He said that as the conspirators moved from their ten years of planning and preparation into the period of initiating and waging of war, the pattern of conspiracy became increasingly clear in its details until finally it led to the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Declaring that the evidence to be introduced establishes “the fact of conspiracy,” further proof will be introduced by the prosecution to show that the accused participated in the conspiracy and were the major leaders responsible for formulation and execution of the conspiracy charged.
“Evidence will be introduced to prove each of the accused guilty, directly, as responsible military or government officials, or as leaders, organizers, instigators or accomplices in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy, of violation of practically all of the recognized rules and customs of war.”
Keenan went on to describe actual cases where the accused showed repeated disregard to secure observance these principles of law. He cited atrocities in China, Burma, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines as well as mistreatment of prisoners of war.
Keenen admitted that “individuals are being brought to the bar of justice for the first time in history to answer personally for offenses that they have committed while acting in official capacities as chiefs of state. “We freely concede that these trials are in that sense without precedent.”
He argued, however, that “it is essential to realize that if we waited for precedent and held ourselves in a straightjacket by reason or lack thereof, grave consequences could ensue without warrant or justification.”
In the latter part of his address, Keenan declared that “this is not, and will not be, the only trial of Japanese war criminals.” He declared that it was necessary to limit the number of the accused in the indictment now before the Tribunal and that there may well be others who might have been charged in preference to some of the accused.
Keenan reiterated that “nations, as such, do not break treaties, nor do they engage in open and aggressive warfare. The responsibility always rests upon human agents…”
Directing his charges directly against the 26 former Japanese leaders now standing trial, the Chief Prosecutor declared that since the accused have achieved and assumed authority either to enforce treaties and agreements or to break them, “they themselves, by the dictates of common ordinary justice, must be brought to individual punishment for their acts.”
Keenan’s opening statement which was resumed at 1:30 p.m. was concluded at 2:58 p.m.
Court turns down bid by prosecution on judicial notice
Plea to strike off Matsuoka, Okawa from indictment not granted
Two motions by the prosecution asking the international Military Tribunal for the Far East to take “judicial notice” of events and documents to be submitted as evidence, presented at the Monday session and strongly opposed by the defense, were dismissed by the court yesterday.
Sir William Webb, President of the Tribunal, declared that the court will decide whether to take judicial notice of the events contained in the schedule of documents at the time each is presented in court. The decision will be subject to the accuracy, relevancy and materiality of the documents.
The court, however, granted permission to the prosecution to submit documents from the Japanese Government and from former Japanese officers without further authentication. Sir William, upholding the prosecution argument, declared that the authorization will obviate the need for presentation of hundreds of papers of authentication.
The decision of the judges was announced by Sir William at the outset of yesterday’s session prior to the extensive opening statement by Chief Prosecutor Joseph B. Keenan. His speech began at 9:55 a.m.
The court also authorized opening statements to each phase as requested by the prosecution.
Defense application refused
Earlier, Webb refused the defense application to strike off the names of defendants Yosuke Matsuoka and Shumei Okawa from the indictment or to stay the proceedings. Both defendants were authorized by the court, however, to be placed under medical care until they are found capable of appearing in court.
Okawa, Webb announced, was found to be suffering from a serious mental disorder and hence will be confined to the psychiatric ward of the Tokyo Imperial University. In refusing to strike out his name from the indictment, Webb declared that although Okawa has not yet pleaded, it cannot be said that the defendant will not recover later. The same applied to Matsuoka. In the latter’s case, Webb allowed that a renewed application may be made later.
Major Ben B. Blakeney, American defense counsel, told the court that the defendants, each of whom had translation copies of the opening statement of Keenan, objected to the language contained therein. The counsel suggested, however, that the defense would prefer to lump all the objections at the end of the speech which the court approved.
Chief Prosecutor Keenan introduced Robert L. Oneto, associate prosecutor representing France.
The lengthy 15,000-word statement by Keenan was greatly facilitated in its reading by the installation of earphones for everyone in the court. In the greatest time-saving device instituted in the court, the Japanese translation reached the Japanese simultaneously as Keenan progressed with his address. The statement was translated beforehand.
Following the short recess after Keenan’s address, the defense raised objections to the irrelevancy of some of the arguments presented, but was dismissed by Sir William who said it was not the proper time.
The court adjourned at 3:55 p.m. until June 13.